The Physiological Roles of Enzymes
... B. Substrate binding by an enzyme helps catalyze the reaction by bringing the reactants into proximity with the optimal orientation for reaction. C. Amino acid side chains within active sites of many enzymes assist in catalysis by acting as acids or bases in reaction with the substrate. 1. In the me ...
... B. Substrate binding by an enzyme helps catalyze the reaction by bringing the reactants into proximity with the optimal orientation for reaction. C. Amino acid side chains within active sites of many enzymes assist in catalysis by acting as acids or bases in reaction with the substrate. 1. In the me ...
Editing of a tRNA anticodon in marsupial
... RNA editing is a process by which RNA is post-transciptionally changed such that new genetic information not encoded in the DNA is created. In mitochondria of protozoa RNA editing results in the insertion and deletion of undine residues (1) and thus extensive modifications of many mRNAs (2). In plan ...
... RNA editing is a process by which RNA is post-transciptionally changed such that new genetic information not encoded in the DNA is created. In mitochondria of protozoa RNA editing results in the insertion and deletion of undine residues (1) and thus extensive modifications of many mRNAs (2). In plan ...
Q1. Lysozyme is an enzyme consisting of a single polypeptide chain
... Two single base mutations occurred in the DNA coding for this section of mRNA. These mutations caused an alteration in the sequence of amino acids in the enzyme. The diagram shows the original and altered sequences of amino acids. ...
... Two single base mutations occurred in the DNA coding for this section of mRNA. These mutations caused an alteration in the sequence of amino acids in the enzyme. The diagram shows the original and altered sequences of amino acids. ...
Non-coding RNAs are widely distributed in the 3 life domains
... CsrA and CsrA homolog RsmA and effect of sequestration by sRNA(A) Gene expression is controlled by CsrA binding to leader segments of target mRNAs (e.g. pgaABCD involved in PGA biosynthesis and export) affecting their translation and stability. CsrA activity is repressed via sequestration of CsrA b ...
... CsrA and CsrA homolog RsmA and effect of sequestration by sRNA(A) Gene expression is controlled by CsrA binding to leader segments of target mRNAs (e.g. pgaABCD involved in PGA biosynthesis and export) affecting their translation and stability. CsrA activity is repressed via sequestration of CsrA b ...
module 2: transcription part i
... a mature mRNA). Collectively, they constitute the transcription unit, the part of the gene that is read by RNA polymerase II during transcription. We use the name “transcription unit” rather than “gene” because genes also contain regulatory sequences (promoters and both positive and negative regulat ...
... a mature mRNA). Collectively, they constitute the transcription unit, the part of the gene that is read by RNA polymerase II during transcription. We use the name “transcription unit” rather than “gene” because genes also contain regulatory sequences (promoters and both positive and negative regulat ...
RT-PCR Master Mix (2X)
... primers should be designed to specifically match the desired target and not other sequences present in the target RNA and cDNA. In general, primers should range in length from 18 to 30 nucleotides, exhibit G+C content similar to each other (and ideally in the range of 40 to 60%), and exhibit Tm value ...
... primers should be designed to specifically match the desired target and not other sequences present in the target RNA and cDNA. In general, primers should range in length from 18 to 30 nucleotides, exhibit G+C content similar to each other (and ideally in the range of 40 to 60%), and exhibit Tm value ...
A Raman spectroscopic study of the interaction between nucleotides
... An oligonucleotide binding mode can be distinguished from a polynucleotide binding mode by a decreased salt dependence of the effective binding constant This fact, together with an increased mobility of the for oligon~cleotides.~ C-terminal end5 of the protein upon complex formation, indicates a cha ...
... An oligonucleotide binding mode can be distinguished from a polynucleotide binding mode by a decreased salt dependence of the effective binding constant This fact, together with an increased mobility of the for oligon~cleotides.~ C-terminal end5 of the protein upon complex formation, indicates a cha ...
chapter 17 notes
... 1 A small ribosomal subunit binds to a molecule of mRNA. In a prokaryotic cell, the mRNA binding site on this subunit recognizes a specific nucleotide sequence on the mRNA just upstream of the start codon. An initiator tRNA, with the anticodon UAC, base-pairs with the start codon, AUG. This tRNA car ...
... 1 A small ribosomal subunit binds to a molecule of mRNA. In a prokaryotic cell, the mRNA binding site on this subunit recognizes a specific nucleotide sequence on the mRNA just upstream of the start codon. An initiator tRNA, with the anticodon UAC, base-pairs with the start codon, AUG. This tRNA car ...
PDF
... RNA synthesis in embryos described previously (Kafiani & Timofeeva, 1964, 1965). The relative rate of dRNA synthesis ('dRNA-synthesizing activity') was estimated at different stages of development in normal embryos of loach (Misgumusfossilis) and in embryos partially or nearly wholly deprived of nuc ...
... RNA synthesis in embryos described previously (Kafiani & Timofeeva, 1964, 1965). The relative rate of dRNA synthesis ('dRNA-synthesizing activity') was estimated at different stages of development in normal embryos of loach (Misgumusfossilis) and in embryos partially or nearly wholly deprived of nuc ...
Determining the nucleotide sequence and capsid
... the 30 part of the genome [20]. The N-terminal region of the APV capsid protein precursor is encoded in the downstream region of the nonstructural protein gene in the same reading frame, but the C-terminal region of the precursor is encoded in a different reading frame, suggesting that a frame-shift ...
... the 30 part of the genome [20]. The N-terminal region of the APV capsid protein precursor is encoded in the downstream region of the nonstructural protein gene in the same reading frame, but the C-terminal region of the precursor is encoded in a different reading frame, suggesting that a frame-shift ...
lec-02-transcript
... genetic material from one generation to the next. Two copies of nucleic acid are synthesized from one parent molecule during the process of cell division such that each daughter cell obtains one copy of the genetic material. Let’s look at base-pairing that is one of the very important feature of DNA ...
... genetic material from one generation to the next. Two copies of nucleic acid are synthesized from one parent molecule during the process of cell division such that each daughter cell obtains one copy of the genetic material. Let’s look at base-pairing that is one of the very important feature of DNA ...
Controlling Gene Expression in Bacteria
... The lac operon is made up of a control region and four genes: 1 LacZ - b-galactosidase - An enzyme that hydrolizes the bond between galactose and glucose 2 LacY - Codes for a permease that lets lactose across the cell membrane 3 LacA - Transacetylase - An enzyme whose function in lactose metabolism ...
... The lac operon is made up of a control region and four genes: 1 LacZ - b-galactosidase - An enzyme that hydrolizes the bond between galactose and glucose 2 LacY - Codes for a permease that lets lactose across the cell membrane 3 LacA - Transacetylase - An enzyme whose function in lactose metabolism ...
Investigation 1: Examining RNA-Seq data
... be used to help us identify exons and introns for the gene under study. All RNAs in the cell are collectively known as the 'transcriptome,’ as almost all RNA is produced by transcription from a DNA template. (In some cases, RNA is made from an RNA template.) The transcriptome includes messenger RNAs ...
... be used to help us identify exons and introns for the gene under study. All RNAs in the cell are collectively known as the 'transcriptome,’ as almost all RNA is produced by transcription from a DNA template. (In some cases, RNA is made from an RNA template.) The transcriptome includes messenger RNAs ...
Modeling RNA Molecules
... who said, “The purpose of computing is insight, not numbers” (Hamming 1971), we should remember that the purpose of molecular modeling is functional insight, not detailed atomic models per se. Therefore, as we seek to improve our abilities to construct 3D models for molecules for which we do not yet ...
... who said, “The purpose of computing is insight, not numbers” (Hamming 1971), we should remember that the purpose of molecular modeling is functional insight, not detailed atomic models per se. Therefore, as we seek to improve our abilities to construct 3D models for molecules for which we do not yet ...
Internal ribosome entry in the coding region of murine hepatitis virus
... Z5ab N, where the 5'-proximal and 5'-distal ORFs, ORF Z and ORF 5b/bl°/b N, are translated, whilst the internal ORF, ORF 5a, is translationally inactive. Clearly, the upstream ORF Z, provides an effective barrier to scanning ribosomes but does not prevent the initiation of ORF 5b translation. Our co ...
... Z5ab N, where the 5'-proximal and 5'-distal ORFs, ORF Z and ORF 5b/bl°/b N, are translated, whilst the internal ORF, ORF 5a, is translationally inactive. Clearly, the upstream ORF Z, provides an effective barrier to scanning ribosomes but does not prevent the initiation of ORF 5b translation. Our co ...
Ribosomes: Cashing in on crystals
... soak substrates into preformed crystals and determine their positions by calculating the difference in electron density between the bound and free ribosome crystals. The overall architecture of the 70S ribosome seen here is similar to that observed previously by cryo-electron microscopy. Furthermore ...
... soak substrates into preformed crystals and determine their positions by calculating the difference in electron density between the bound and free ribosome crystals. The overall architecture of the 70S ribosome seen here is similar to that observed previously by cryo-electron microscopy. Furthermore ...
Gene expression - Yale University
... Biology course. • At the beginning of the course, we established groups that incorporated diversity of gender, race, and high school graduating class size. ...
... Biology course. • At the beginning of the course, we established groups that incorporated diversity of gender, race, and high school graduating class size. ...
Translation is simply the decoding of nucleotide sequences on
... Fig. 2. a-‐Structure of prokaryotic (70S) and eukaryotic (80S) ribosomes; b-‐Genetic code showing t aminoacids base sequence in the mRNA by means of a set of adaptor molecules known as tRNA . The tRNA binds to the mRNA codons (group of three adjac ...
... Fig. 2. a-‐Structure of prokaryotic (70S) and eukaryotic (80S) ribosomes; b-‐Genetic code showing t aminoacids base sequence in the mRNA by means of a set of adaptor molecules known as tRNA . The tRNA binds to the mRNA codons (group of three adjac ...
Chapter 17 - Gene to Protein
... 1 A small ribosomal subunit binds to a molecule of mRNA. In a prokaryotic cell, the mRNA binding site on this subunit recognizes a specific nucleotide sequence on the mRNA just upstream of the start codon. An initiator tRNA, with the anticodon UAC, base-pairs with the start codon, AUG. This tRNA car ...
... 1 A small ribosomal subunit binds to a molecule of mRNA. In a prokaryotic cell, the mRNA binding site on this subunit recognizes a specific nucleotide sequence on the mRNA just upstream of the start codon. An initiator tRNA, with the anticodon UAC, base-pairs with the start codon, AUG. This tRNA car ...
Polyadenylation
Polyadenylation is the addition of a poly(A) tail to a messenger RNA The poly(A) tail consists of multiple adenosine monophosphates; in other words, it is a stretch of RNA that has only adenine bases. In eukaryotes, polyadenylation is part of the process that produces mature messenger RNA (mRNA) for translation. It, therefore, forms part of the larger process of gene expression.The process of polyadenylation begins as the transcription of a gene finishes, or terminates. The 3'-most segment of the newly made pre-mRNA is first cleaved off by a set of proteins; these proteins then synthesize the poly(A) tail at the RNA's 3' end. In some genes, these proteins may add a poly(A) tail at any one of several possible sites. Therefore, polyadenylation can produce more than one transcript from a single gene (alternative polyadenylation), similar to alternative splicing.The poly(A) tail is important for the nuclear export, translation, and stability of mRNA. The tail is shortened over time, and, when it is short enough, the mRNA is enzymatically degraded. However, in a few cell types, mRNAs with short poly(A) tails are stored for later activation by re-polyadenylation in the cytosol. In contrast, when polyadenylation occurs in bacteria, it promotes RNA degradation. This is also sometimes the case for eukaryotic non-coding RNAs.mRNA molecules in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have polyadenylated 3'-ends, with the prokaryotic poly(A) tails generally shorter and less mRNA molecules polyadenylated.