From segment to somite: Segmentation to
... Fig. 2. The model mechanisms underlying somite segmentation. A: An illustration of the anteroposterior (AP) axis and the various stages of somite formation according to the clock and wavefront model. The posterior presomitic mesoderm (PSM; shown in light gray) is homogeneous and cells are undetermin ...
... Fig. 2. The model mechanisms underlying somite segmentation. A: An illustration of the anteroposterior (AP) axis and the various stages of somite formation according to the clock and wavefront model. The posterior presomitic mesoderm (PSM; shown in light gray) is homogeneous and cells are undetermin ...
Mitofilin complexes: conserved organizers of mitochondrial
... Mitofilin complexes: conserved organizers of mitochondrial membrane architecture Abstract: Mitofilin proteins are crucial organizers of mitochondrial architecture. They are located in the inner mitochondrial membrane and interact with several protein complexes of the outer membrane, thereby generati ...
... Mitofilin complexes: conserved organizers of mitochondrial membrane architecture Abstract: Mitofilin proteins are crucial organizers of mitochondrial architecture. They are located in the inner mitochondrial membrane and interact with several protein complexes of the outer membrane, thereby generati ...
Comparison of good-and bad-quality cork: application of high
... discovery. Transcriptome obtained by high-throughput or EST sequencing offers an efficient means of generating functional genomic data for non-model organisms (Parchman et al., 2010) because it provides functional information that often corresponds to genes with known or predicted functions (Anderse ...
... discovery. Transcriptome obtained by high-throughput or EST sequencing offers an efficient means of generating functional genomic data for non-model organisms (Parchman et al., 2010) because it provides functional information that often corresponds to genes with known or predicted functions (Anderse ...
Protein phosphorylation in chloroplasts – a survey of
... the context of the phosphorylation site can alter the specificity for a certain kinase. For a preliminary assessment of the functional relevance of phosphorylation, it is also relevant if the hydroxylated amino acid in a phosphorylation site is replaced by a negatively charged amino acid such as glu ...
... the context of the phosphorylation site can alter the specificity for a certain kinase. For a preliminary assessment of the functional relevance of phosphorylation, it is also relevant if the hydroxylated amino acid in a phosphorylation site is replaced by a negatively charged amino acid such as glu ...
Analysis of Kinase Effects on Viral Replication of the Papillomavirus
... [8], however recent experimental analysis does not seem to indicate that MAPK plays a significant role in phosphorylation. PKC, CDK, and CK2, all have been demonstrated to phorphorylate the E 1 protein in vitro [21, 23, 26]. Of those sites identified by mass spectrometric (MS) analysis, five were fo ...
... [8], however recent experimental analysis does not seem to indicate that MAPK plays a significant role in phosphorylation. PKC, CDK, and CK2, all have been demonstrated to phorphorylate the E 1 protein in vitro [21, 23, 26]. Of those sites identified by mass spectrometric (MS) analysis, five were fo ...
Low-Molecular-Weight Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase and Human
... LMPTP was originally isolated as an acid phosphatase from red blood cells27, 36. It was also found to be present at high concentrations in many other tissues35. The enzyme resolved by non-denaturing starch gel electrophoresis into two isoforms35, called fast (F) and slow (S), or A and B. Both isofor ...
... LMPTP was originally isolated as an acid phosphatase from red blood cells27, 36. It was also found to be present at high concentrations in many other tissues35. The enzyme resolved by non-denaturing starch gel electrophoresis into two isoforms35, called fast (F) and slow (S), or A and B. Both isofor ...
PDF
... Notch and Wnt are highly conserved signalling pathways that are used repeatedly throughout animal development to generate a diverse array of cell types. However, they often have opposing effects on cell-fate decisions with each pathway promoting an alternate outcome. Commonly, a cell receiving both ...
... Notch and Wnt are highly conserved signalling pathways that are used repeatedly throughout animal development to generate a diverse array of cell types. However, they often have opposing effects on cell-fate decisions with each pathway promoting an alternate outcome. Commonly, a cell receiving both ...
The first cell fate specification event in mouse development
... Maternal to zygotic transition A very important role of maternal products is to regulate zygotic genome activation. In mouse, the first zygotic transcripts can already be observed at the 1-‐cell ...
... Maternal to zygotic transition A very important role of maternal products is to regulate zygotic genome activation. In mouse, the first zygotic transcripts can already be observed at the 1-‐cell ...
Unprocessed Proinsulin Promotes Cell Survival During
... Blockade of insulin receptor in vivo induces cell death in the neurulating chick embryo. Insulin prevents apoptotic cell death during chick embryonic development (8,18). To further characterize the tissues and cells dependent on prepancreatic insulin in vivo, we determined the spatial distribution o ...
... Blockade of insulin receptor in vivo induces cell death in the neurulating chick embryo. Insulin prevents apoptotic cell death during chick embryonic development (8,18). To further characterize the tissues and cells dependent on prepancreatic insulin in vivo, we determined the spatial distribution o ...
Systemic Acquired Resistance
... tissue. These defenses are likely the same as those induced in other forms of resistance, though they may often be expressed too late or at too low a level to be totally effective (phytoalexin accumulation is one good example of this type of defense response) (Hammerschmidt 1999b). It is important t ...
... tissue. These defenses are likely the same as those induced in other forms of resistance, though they may often be expressed too late or at too low a level to be totally effective (phytoalexin accumulation is one good example of this type of defense response) (Hammerschmidt 1999b). It is important t ...
Extracellular ATP in Plants. Visualization
... Extracellular ATP (eATP) in animals is well documented and known to play an important role in cellular signaling (e.g. at the nerve synapse). The existence of eATP has been postulated in plants; however, there is no definitive experimental evidence for its presence or an explanation as to how such a ...
... Extracellular ATP (eATP) in animals is well documented and known to play an important role in cellular signaling (e.g. at the nerve synapse). The existence of eATP has been postulated in plants; however, there is no definitive experimental evidence for its presence or an explanation as to how such a ...
3. Connections of the Hypothalamus
... Hormonal and transynaptic regulation. The magno- and parvocellular cell groups producing the hypothalamic hormones receive a variety of stimuli from different parts of the brain, primarily within the hypothalamus, but also from extrahypothalamic areas including the amygdaloid body, hippocampus and v ...
... Hormonal and transynaptic regulation. The magno- and parvocellular cell groups producing the hypothalamic hormones receive a variety of stimuli from different parts of the brain, primarily within the hypothalamus, but also from extrahypothalamic areas including the amygdaloid body, hippocampus and v ...
Disulfide formation in plant storage vacuoles permits assembly
... (Ricinus communis agglutinin II; RCA II) and its tetrameric relative Ricinus communis agglutinin I (RCA I, henceforth referred to as RCA). It is known that the glycosylated 7S lectins and non-glycosylated 2S albumins are co-translationally imported into the ER and transported as precursors via the G ...
... (Ricinus communis agglutinin II; RCA II) and its tetrameric relative Ricinus communis agglutinin I (RCA I, henceforth referred to as RCA). It is known that the glycosylated 7S lectins and non-glycosylated 2S albumins are co-translationally imported into the ER and transported as precursors via the G ...
Strain in Protein Structures as Viewed Through Nonrotameric Side
... larger protein structure set and observed that a significant fraction (up to 30%) of particular side-chain types could not be assigned to a rotameric state based on the criterion that rotameric side chains can deviate in each of the 1 and 2 angles by no more than 20° from the closest associated ro ...
... larger protein structure set and observed that a significant fraction (up to 30%) of particular side-chain types could not be assigned to a rotameric state based on the criterion that rotameric side chains can deviate in each of the 1 and 2 angles by no more than 20° from the closest associated ro ...
Novel Inhibitory Action of Tunicamycin Homologues Suggests a
... cone-mediated axonal elongation. Elucidation of biological roles for palmitoylation in growth cone functions, or in other cellular processes, has been hindered by the lack of an inhibitor that would permit direct experimental manipulation of this modification in intact cells. The nucleoside antibiot ...
... cone-mediated axonal elongation. Elucidation of biological roles for palmitoylation in growth cone functions, or in other cellular processes, has been hindered by the lack of an inhibitor that would permit direct experimental manipulation of this modification in intact cells. The nucleoside antibiot ...
Two different but converging messenger pathways to intracellular
... (Thorn et al., 1994) and cADPR receptors are involved in the response to a physiological CCK stimulus, since the cADPR antagonist 8-NH2-cADPR (Walseth and Lee, 1993; Cancela and Petersen, 1998) blocks Ca2+ spiking induced by this hormone (Cancela et al., 1998). It is not known whether cADPR receptor ...
... (Thorn et al., 1994) and cADPR receptors are involved in the response to a physiological CCK stimulus, since the cADPR antagonist 8-NH2-cADPR (Walseth and Lee, 1993; Cancela and Petersen, 1998) blocks Ca2+ spiking induced by this hormone (Cancela et al., 1998). It is not known whether cADPR receptor ...
A myosin inhibitor impairs auxin
... day 8. During the second phase of the culture cycle, the frequency of unicellular files gradually recovers to the initial situation. At day 8, the majority of files consists of four or more cells. These files disintegrate subsequently, causing the recovery in the frequency of singular cells. In the ...
... day 8. During the second phase of the culture cycle, the frequency of unicellular files gradually recovers to the initial situation. At day 8, the majority of files consists of four or more cells. These files disintegrate subsequently, causing the recovery in the frequency of singular cells. In the ...
Molecular Microbiology
... allele-specific HR elicitation in N. benthamiana, we infiltrated the leaves of 4-week-old N. benthamiana plants with PgyBR1Rif-O1 expressing HopZ1a and HopZ1b and measured the bacterial populations 3 days post inoculation. Consistently with the Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression, both HopZ1 ...
... allele-specific HR elicitation in N. benthamiana, we infiltrated the leaves of 4-week-old N. benthamiana plants with PgyBR1Rif-O1 expressing HopZ1a and HopZ1b and measured the bacterial populations 3 days post inoculation. Consistently with the Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression, both HopZ1 ...
Regulators of Lysosome Function and Dynamics in Caenorhabditis
... IV protein TRPML1 (CUP-5 in Caenorhabditis elegans), Ca2+ efflux from hybrid organelles, and the C. elegans small Rab GTPase 2-like UNC-108 protein (Pryor et al. 2000; Chun et al. 2008; Lu et al. 2008; Miller et al. 2015); autophagic lysosome reformation is activated by mTOR signaling, and requires c ...
... IV protein TRPML1 (CUP-5 in Caenorhabditis elegans), Ca2+ efflux from hybrid organelles, and the C. elegans small Rab GTPase 2-like UNC-108 protein (Pryor et al. 2000; Chun et al. 2008; Lu et al. 2008; Miller et al. 2015); autophagic lysosome reformation is activated by mTOR signaling, and requires c ...
The GARP complex is required for cellular sphingolipid homeostasis
... We hypothesized that the deficiency of the GARP complex may result in the accumulation of a toxic sphingolipid intermediate that is reduced by myriocin treatment. To identify which lipids might contribute to this toxicity, we inhibited key steps of sphingolipid synthesis and examined their effect on ...
... We hypothesized that the deficiency of the GARP complex may result in the accumulation of a toxic sphingolipid intermediate that is reduced by myriocin treatment. To identify which lipids might contribute to this toxicity, we inhibited key steps of sphingolipid synthesis and examined their effect on ...
New immunotherapies targeting the
... shown that PD-L1 plays an important role in the differentiation of inducible regulatory T cells (iTregs) both in vitro and in vivo [20]. PD-L1 expression not only on APCs but also on other non-hematopoietic tissues may be capable of inducing Tregs. PD-1 signaling is accompanied by downregulation of ...
... shown that PD-L1 plays an important role in the differentiation of inducible regulatory T cells (iTregs) both in vitro and in vivo [20]. PD-L1 expression not only on APCs but also on other non-hematopoietic tissues may be capable of inducing Tregs. PD-1 signaling is accompanied by downregulation of ...
The Role of Dopamine and Its Dysfunction as a Consequence of
... subsequent activation of intracellular signaling cascades, and thus induces long-lasting maladaptive plasticity [19]. Although Barr et al. have identified a novel mechanism by which cocaine promotes activation of D1 -expressing nAcc neurons, the enhancement of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors ...
... subsequent activation of intracellular signaling cascades, and thus induces long-lasting maladaptive plasticity [19]. Although Barr et al. have identified a novel mechanism by which cocaine promotes activation of D1 -expressing nAcc neurons, the enhancement of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors ...
Glycolysis - Rose
... Glucose transport Glucose cannot diffuse through membranes. As a result, cells must have a transport protein that allows the glucose to cross the membrane. Most cells have passive transporters, which are proteins that act as enzymes to move the glucose from high to low concentration. For most cells, ...
... Glucose transport Glucose cannot diffuse through membranes. As a result, cells must have a transport protein that allows the glucose to cross the membrane. Most cells have passive transporters, which are proteins that act as enzymes to move the glucose from high to low concentration. For most cells, ...
Biochemistry, proteomics, and phosphoproteomics of plant
... peptides. Diverse groups of proteins were identified including proteins involved in energy and metabolism, DNA replication, transcription, translation, protein complex assembly, and signaling, as well as approximately 70 proteins of unknown function. Interestingly, various glycolytic enzymes were de ...
... peptides. Diverse groups of proteins were identified including proteins involved in energy and metabolism, DNA replication, transcription, translation, protein complex assembly, and signaling, as well as approximately 70 proteins of unknown function. Interestingly, various glycolytic enzymes were de ...
Color Atlas of Neurology
... nerve fibers conduct the impulses generated by activated receptors to neurons in the central nervous system, which fire impulses that are then transmitted through efferent nerve fibers to the cells, muscles, or organs that carry out the reflex response. The pathway as a whole is known as the reflex ...
... nerve fibers conduct the impulses generated by activated receptors to neurons in the central nervous system, which fire impulses that are then transmitted through efferent nerve fibers to the cells, muscles, or organs that carry out the reflex response. The pathway as a whole is known as the reflex ...
Signal transduction
Signal transduction occurs when an extracellular signaling molecule activates a specific receptor located on the cell surface or inside the cell. In turn, this receptor triggers a biochemical chain of events inside the cell, creating a response. Depending on the cell, the response alters the cell's metabolism, shape, gene expression, or ability to divide. The signal can be amplified at any step. Thus, one signaling molecule can cause many responses.