Multidrug resistance mediated by the ATP-binding
... Sequences were aligned along their entire length with MRP using CLUSTAL W(1.6) multiple sequence alignment. Sequence data were obtained using the following accession numbers: MRP, L05628/P33527; mrp, AF022908/1488428; MOAT, U49248/U63970; EBCR, 1430907/Z49144; C. elegans mrp1, U66260; C. elegans mrp ...
... Sequences were aligned along their entire length with MRP using CLUSTAL W(1.6) multiple sequence alignment. Sequence data were obtained using the following accession numbers: MRP, L05628/P33527; mrp, AF022908/1488428; MOAT, U49248/U63970; EBCR, 1430907/Z49144; C. elegans mrp1, U66260; C. elegans mrp ...
Regulation of the plant defence response in arbuscular mycorrhizal
... plant/fungus interactions, as long as the mycelium has not yet reached a certain size that allows the plant to recognize the microbe as a helpful partner. During later stages of the symbiosis, the interaction can shift to mutualism, e.g. after an arbuscular system has been established that allows an ...
... plant/fungus interactions, as long as the mycelium has not yet reached a certain size that allows the plant to recognize the microbe as a helpful partner. During later stages of the symbiosis, the interaction can shift to mutualism, e.g. after an arbuscular system has been established that allows an ...
Protruding Vulva Mutants Identify Novel Loci and Wnt
... cell signal, causes the adjacent VPCs, P5.p and P7.p, to adopt the 2⬚ vulval fate (Sternberg 1988; Sternberg and Horvitz 1989; Koga and Ohshima 1995; Simske and Kim 1995). The remaining three VPCs, P3.p, P4.p, and P8.p, are not induced by either of these signals and consequently adopt the 3⬚ cell fa ...
... cell signal, causes the adjacent VPCs, P5.p and P7.p, to adopt the 2⬚ vulval fate (Sternberg 1988; Sternberg and Horvitz 1989; Koga and Ohshima 1995; Simske and Kim 1995). The remaining three VPCs, P3.p, P4.p, and P8.p, are not induced by either of these signals and consequently adopt the 3⬚ cell fa ...
Glutamate Receptors Form Hot Spots on Apical Dendrites of
... (Kunz et al. 1972). Up to four restricted areas of high sensitivity (hot spots) were found at dendritic regions 80 – 600 m from the soma (Figs. 2, A and B, 3, and 5B). An electrophysiological hot spot was defined as having a response to glutamate, under conditions where voltage-dependent Na⫹ and Ca ...
... (Kunz et al. 1972). Up to four restricted areas of high sensitivity (hot spots) were found at dendritic regions 80 – 600 m from the soma (Figs. 2, A and B, 3, and 5B). An electrophysiological hot spot was defined as having a response to glutamate, under conditions where voltage-dependent Na⫹ and Ca ...
NSC 108 - National Open University of Nigeria
... utilization of fuel molecules such as glucose. By studying and understanding these highly complex reactions, medical biochemists have found better ways to fight infections and diseases at the molecular level. Since an Engineer cannot repair a vehicle if he does not understand how it works, so a Nurs ...
... utilization of fuel molecules such as glucose. By studying and understanding these highly complex reactions, medical biochemists have found better ways to fight infections and diseases at the molecular level. Since an Engineer cannot repair a vehicle if he does not understand how it works, so a Nurs ...
Supplemental Results
... IAA from the stationary phase culture. To determine whether the growth defects of cells directing the synthesis of 70 NCR or 70/A NCR reflect a functional requirement for the NCR or, instead, reflect defects in synthesis or stability of the mutant proteins, we performed Western blots of mid-log ...
... IAA from the stationary phase culture. To determine whether the growth defects of cells directing the synthesis of 70 NCR or 70/A NCR reflect a functional requirement for the NCR or, instead, reflect defects in synthesis or stability of the mutant proteins, we performed Western blots of mid-log ...
Comparative Study of Two Table Grape Varieties with Contrasting
... been detected during postharvest storage and shelf life (SL). Quality losses include weight loss, color change, berry softening and rachis browning, leading to reduced shelf life and overall quality [1]. The berry texture is one of the most important parameters that affects the table grape consumer ...
... been detected during postharvest storage and shelf life (SL). Quality losses include weight loss, color change, berry softening and rachis browning, leading to reduced shelf life and overall quality [1]. The berry texture is one of the most important parameters that affects the table grape consumer ...
PDF - Oxford Academic - Oxford University Press
... systems will allow for monitoring growth during the entire life cycle of plants. For example, one could analyse how the onset of inflorescence growth affects growth of rosette leaves, or how leaf and root growth are related. Very few studies have addressed the latter question, but evidence suggests ...
... systems will allow for monitoring growth during the entire life cycle of plants. For example, one could analyse how the onset of inflorescence growth affects growth of rosette leaves, or how leaf and root growth are related. Very few studies have addressed the latter question, but evidence suggests ...
Chapter 6 Pichia pastoris
... (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia pastoris), mammalian cells, amphibian oocytes (Xenopus laevis), insect cells and bacteria (Escherichia coli). Plant cells are useful as hosts if mutants are available (Holton et al., 1993), but in many cases the distinction from resident activities may present a ...
... (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia pastoris), mammalian cells, amphibian oocytes (Xenopus laevis), insect cells and bacteria (Escherichia coli). Plant cells are useful as hosts if mutants are available (Holton et al., 1993), but in many cases the distinction from resident activities may present a ...
ASH1 by Puf6p–Fun12p/eIF5B interaction and released by CK2 phosphorylation Yingfeng Deng,
... ciently blocked 60S joining. Incubation of the E3 RNA with recombinant Puf6 resulted in an increase in the 48S complex and a decrease in the 80S complex similar to results obtained with GMP-PNP (Fig. 1C, filled triangles). This increase of the 48S peak was reproducible using different gradients (see ...
... ciently blocked 60S joining. Incubation of the E3 RNA with recombinant Puf6 resulted in an increase in the 48S complex and a decrease in the 80S complex similar to results obtained with GMP-PNP (Fig. 1C, filled triangles). This increase of the 48S peak was reproducible using different gradients (see ...
Secretion-Defective Mutations in the Signal Sequence for Saccharomyces cerevisiae Invertase.
... plasmid DNA at a unique XbaI restriction site within the SUC2 gene before transformation. Ura+ transformants were isolated, and then segregants that had lost the plasmid sequences and presumably one copy of the SUC2 gene were selected by growth on medium containing 5-fluoroorotic acid to select agai ...
... plasmid DNA at a unique XbaI restriction site within the SUC2 gene before transformation. Ura+ transformants were isolated, and then segregants that had lost the plasmid sequences and presumably one copy of the SUC2 gene were selected by growth on medium containing 5-fluoroorotic acid to select agai ...
Vesicular transport of newly synthesized opsin from the Golgi
... Each day, rod photoreceptors of the vertebrate retina synthesize rhodopsin and insert it into new membranes of the rod outer segment (ROS). The authors determined which components of the rod cell transport opsin from the Golgi to the ROS by a combined EM autoradiographic and immunocytochemical study ...
... Each day, rod photoreceptors of the vertebrate retina synthesize rhodopsin and insert it into new membranes of the rod outer segment (ROS). The authors determined which components of the rod cell transport opsin from the Golgi to the ROS by a combined EM autoradiographic and immunocytochemical study ...
The relationship between emerging neural crest cells
... The earliest stage of neural crest cell (NCC) migration is characterized by an epitheliomesenchymal transformation, as the cells leave the neural tube. There is evidence that in a number of cell systems this transformation is accompanied by alteration or depletion of associated basement membranes. T ...
... The earliest stage of neural crest cell (NCC) migration is characterized by an epitheliomesenchymal transformation, as the cells leave the neural tube. There is evidence that in a number of cell systems this transformation is accompanied by alteration or depletion of associated basement membranes. T ...
Requirement for ß-Catenin in Anterior
... 3⬘ arm contained exons 5 to 16. Targeting vector -catlacZ contained a -galactosidase cDNA with a nuclear localization signal fused to the ATG translation initiation codon of -catenin. The 3⬘ arm contained sequences from the end of the sixth intron to exon 16. In the vector -catlacZ(hyg), neomyci ...
... 3⬘ arm contained exons 5 to 16. Targeting vector -catlacZ contained a -galactosidase cDNA with a nuclear localization signal fused to the ATG translation initiation codon of -catenin. The 3⬘ arm contained sequences from the end of the sixth intron to exon 16. In the vector -catlacZ(hyg), neomyci ...
A Shift toward Smaller Cell Size via Manipulation of Cell Cycle Gene
... different shapes are defined by differences in the degree and distribution of edge curvature, and an outstanding question in plant developmental biology is how the patterns of transcription factors and signaling modules that regulate margin form (Bilsborough et al., 2011) are actually translated int ...
... different shapes are defined by differences in the degree and distribution of edge curvature, and an outstanding question in plant developmental biology is how the patterns of transcription factors and signaling modules that regulate margin form (Bilsborough et al., 2011) are actually translated int ...
Gene Section TSHR (thyroid stimulating hormone receptor) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics
... anterior pituitary gland and is the main regulator of thyroid gland growth and development. Binding of TSH to TSHR stimulates thyroid epithelial cell proliferation, and regulates the expression of differentiation markers such as thyroglobulin, thyroperoxidase and the sodium iodide symporter (NIS), n ...
... anterior pituitary gland and is the main regulator of thyroid gland growth and development. Binding of TSH to TSHR stimulates thyroid epithelial cell proliferation, and regulates the expression of differentiation markers such as thyroglobulin, thyroperoxidase and the sodium iodide symporter (NIS), n ...
Plastid division
... plastid division (Chaley and Possingham, 1981; Robertson et al., 1995, 1996). Their morphology, however, is much more heterogeneous than that seen in chloroplast division, with the constriction often extending to produce a long thin isthmus, joining the two plastid bodies. The challenge of the last ...
... plastid division (Chaley and Possingham, 1981; Robertson et al., 1995, 1996). Their morphology, however, is much more heterogeneous than that seen in chloroplast division, with the constriction often extending to produce a long thin isthmus, joining the two plastid bodies. The challenge of the last ...
Limitations of Allotopic Expression of Mitochondrial Genes in
... The possibility of expressing mitochondrial DNA-coded genes in the nuclear-cytoplasmic compartment provides an attractive system for genetic treatment of mitochondrial disorders associated with mitochondrial DNA mutations. In theory, by recoding mitochondrial genes to adapt them to the universal gen ...
... The possibility of expressing mitochondrial DNA-coded genes in the nuclear-cytoplasmic compartment provides an attractive system for genetic treatment of mitochondrial disorders associated with mitochondrial DNA mutations. In theory, by recoding mitochondrial genes to adapt them to the universal gen ...
Dynamics of interactions of photosensitizers with lipoproteins and
... of the side-chains plays an important role [12]. Two major processes could account for the enhanced retention of certain photosensitizers by proliferating tissues. On one hand, lipophilic or amphiphilic photosensitizers possess a high affinity for low-density lipoproteins (LDL). The increased choles ...
... of the side-chains plays an important role [12]. Two major processes could account for the enhanced retention of certain photosensitizers by proliferating tissues. On one hand, lipophilic or amphiphilic photosensitizers possess a high affinity for low-density lipoproteins (LDL). The increased choles ...
Bacteria under stress by complement and coagulation
... plasma that serve important roles in host defense and hemostasis, respectively. Complement activation on bacteria supports cellular immune responses and leads to direct killing of bacteria via assembly of the Membrane Attack Complex (MAC). Recent studies have indicated that the coagulation system al ...
... plasma that serve important roles in host defense and hemostasis, respectively. Complement activation on bacteria supports cellular immune responses and leads to direct killing of bacteria via assembly of the Membrane Attack Complex (MAC). Recent studies have indicated that the coagulation system al ...
and “Wanting” Linked to Reward Deficiency
... Neuroimaging studies in humans add credence to this hypothesis. Credible evidence also implicates serotonergic, opioid, endocannabinoid, GABAergic, and glutamatergic mechanisms in addiction as denoted in the brain reward cascade hypothesis [10]. Critically, drug addiction progresses from occasional ...
... Neuroimaging studies in humans add credence to this hypothesis. Credible evidence also implicates serotonergic, opioid, endocannabinoid, GABAergic, and glutamatergic mechanisms in addiction as denoted in the brain reward cascade hypothesis [10]. Critically, drug addiction progresses from occasional ...
Organic solutes in Rubrobacter xylanophilus: the first
... unidentified compound were loaded on to a QAE-Sephadex column (Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden) equilibrated at pH 9.8 with 5 mM sodium carbonate buffer. The sample was eluted applying a linear gradient between 5 mM and 1 M of NaHCO3 buffer. Fractions were collected and analyzed by NMR. The fractions con ...
... unidentified compound were loaded on to a QAE-Sephadex column (Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden) equilibrated at pH 9.8 with 5 mM sodium carbonate buffer. The sample was eluted applying a linear gradient between 5 mM and 1 M of NaHCO3 buffer. Fractions were collected and analyzed by NMR. The fractions con ...
us whey proteins in ready-to-drink beverages
... isolates (containing 90-92% protein), or whey peptides, which provide distinct nutritional and functional advantages. In some cases, whey proteins are combined with other proteins such as vegetableor casein-based ingredients to create a particular overall amino acid composition or textural character ...
... isolates (containing 90-92% protein), or whey peptides, which provide distinct nutritional and functional advantages. In some cases, whey proteins are combined with other proteins such as vegetableor casein-based ingredients to create a particular overall amino acid composition or textural character ...
U.S. WHEY PROTEINS IN READY-TO-DRINK BEVERAGES
... isolates (containing 90-92% protein), or whey peptides, which provide distinct nutritional and functional advantages. In some cases, whey proteins are combined with other proteins such as vegetableor casein-based ingredients to create a particular overall amino acid composition or textural character ...
... isolates (containing 90-92% protein), or whey peptides, which provide distinct nutritional and functional advantages. In some cases, whey proteins are combined with other proteins such as vegetableor casein-based ingredients to create a particular overall amino acid composition or textural character ...
OSMOSIS (A self-instructional package)
... osmoles/liter is computed as ∆Tf/1.86, where ∆Tf is the freezing point depression in oC. 5. State that 154 mM NaCl is isotonic to human erythrocytes (red blood cells) and that this means that in 154 mM NaCl red blood cells will have the same volume they have in plasma. State that red blood cells wil ...
... osmoles/liter is computed as ∆Tf/1.86, where ∆Tf is the freezing point depression in oC. 5. State that 154 mM NaCl is isotonic to human erythrocytes (red blood cells) and that this means that in 154 mM NaCl red blood cells will have the same volume they have in plasma. State that red blood cells wil ...
Signal transduction
Signal transduction occurs when an extracellular signaling molecule activates a specific receptor located on the cell surface or inside the cell. In turn, this receptor triggers a biochemical chain of events inside the cell, creating a response. Depending on the cell, the response alters the cell's metabolism, shape, gene expression, or ability to divide. The signal can be amplified at any step. Thus, one signaling molecule can cause many responses.