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Endomembrane trafficking protein SEC24A regulates cell size
Endomembrane trafficking protein SEC24A regulates cell size

... Size is a fundamental characteristic of a cell, but how cell size is determined is still not well understood in most living organisms (Marshall et al., 2012). Cells of different types typically have characteristic sizes, indicating that size is carefully regulated to fit cell functions during differ ...
Endomembrane trafficking protein SEC24A regulates cell size
Endomembrane trafficking protein SEC24A regulates cell size

... Size is a fundamental characteristic of a cell, but how cell size is determined is still not well understood in most living organisms (Marshall et al., 2012). Cells of different types typically have characteristic sizes, indicating that size is carefully regulated to fit cell functions during differ ...
ID helix-loop-helix proteins - Journal of Cell Science
ID helix-loop-helix proteins - Journal of Cell Science

... (Jaleco et al., 1999). During the final stages of thymocyte differentiation, the ID3 protein also plays a role in positive selection of T cells in the cell-mediated immune response. Id3−/− mice exhibit defective positive selection of both MHC-class-I- and MHC-class-II-restricted thymocytes (Rivera e ...
Single Cell Electrical Characterization Techniques
Single Cell Electrical Characterization Techniques

... microscope) and microfluidics) to investigate the biophysical properties of cells have been invented and developed by the researchers in the last decades. The technologies are continually improved make substantial contributions to biology and the clinical research community [14,15]. Single cell anal ...
MS-LS1-1 From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes
MS-LS1-1 From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

... Students use the model to describe* a causal account for the phenomenon, including how different parts of a cell contribute to how the cell functions as a whole, both separately and together with other structures. Students include how components, separately and together, contribute to: i. Maintainin ...
Chapter 9 - Fullfrontalanatomy.com
Chapter 9 - Fullfrontalanatomy.com

... Signals that act locally between cells that are close together are called paracrine signals. Paracrine signals move by diffusion through the extracellular matrix. These types of signals usually elicit quick responses that last only a short amount of time. In order to keep the response localized, par ...
Embryonic stem cells in non-human primates An overview of neural
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... 2.2. Surface and molecular markers Monkey ES cells can routinely be expanded to give homogenous, undifferentiated populations with characteristics remarkably similar to human ES (hES) cells, including morphology, pluripotency and surface marker expression (Fig. 1). They express specific cell surface ...
Hes genes regulate size, shape and histogenesis of the
Hes genes regulate size, shape and histogenesis of the

... division. Around embryonic day (E) 8.5 in mouse, neuroepithelial cells become radial glia by acquiring astroglial features. As neural stem cells, radial glia give rise to neurons first and glial cells later (Fujita, 1964; McConnell, 1995; Temple, 2001). During neurogenesis, radial glial cells are kn ...
Jeopardy
Jeopardy

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Transcriptional Activity of Male Gamete
Transcriptional Activity of Male Gamete

... (Meshi et al. 2000), were also found at –358 and –559, respectively. The OCT motif has been identified as a histone promoter cis-acting element involved in proliferation-coupled and S phase-specific expression. This motif is well conserved in plant histone promoters, and almost all histone gene prom ...
PDF
PDF

... al. 1985). This was dissected out using electrolytically sharpened tungsten needles or mounted eyebrow hairs (a gift of Dr E. A. Jones, Warwick) and hand-ground forceps. In some experiments this piece of tissue was allowed to develop in isolation, in half-strength NAM, in diluted L15 medium or in co ...
Solar Cell
Solar Cell

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mbn cells results in dysregulation of Fer1HCH expression
mbn cells results in dysregulation of Fer1HCH expression

... cytoplasmic ISC protein maturation is correlated with MRS3/4 expression. Zebrafish mitoferrin1 (mfrn1), one of two MRS3/4 orthologues, is essential for erythropoiesis, but little is known about the ubiquitously expressed paralogue mfrn2. In the present study we identified a single mitoferrin gene (d ...
Contents - ZIS Moodle
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Humoral and contact interactions in astroglia/stem cell co
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... C6 rat glioma, U87 human glioma cell lines, primary mouse fibroblasts, and 3T3 cells were also tested with respect to their ability to induce neuronal differentiation. Astroglia-induced neurogenesis by NE-4C neural stem cells was compared with the glia-initiated neuron formation by two different embr ...
Compartmentalization of Phosphatidylinositol 4,5
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... localization of PtdIns 4,5-P2 and signaling proteins to cholesterol/glycosphingolipid-enriched membrane domains is important for the regulation of PtdIns turnover, then cells that lack caveolae should still compartmentalize these molecules. In addition, disruption of these domains should lead to the ...
C1D-induced apoptosis - Journal of Cell Science
C1D-induced apoptosis - Journal of Cell Science

... ‡Corresponding author (e-mail: werner@dkfz-heidelberg.de) ...
Biology - OpenWetWare
Biology - OpenWetWare

... – are surrounded by a barrier called a cell membrane. – at some point contain DNA. ...
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1 The Diversity of Cells

... There is a physical reason why most cells are so small. Cells take in food and get rid of wastes through their outer surface. As a cell gets larger, it needs more food and produces more waste. Therefore, more materials pass through its outer surface. As the cell’s volume increases, its surface area ...
Scaffolding microdomains and beyond: the function of reggie/flotillin
Scaffolding microdomains and beyond: the function of reggie/flotillin

... The initial description of reggie-1 as a 42-kDa cytosolic protein raises the question whether this and perhaps other splice variants exist. Indeed, expressed sequence tag (EST) database searches yield multiple tags for this Nterminally truncated form lacking the membrane anchor. However, we and othe ...
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Behavior of Plants in Response to Hormones

... again. • The H+ ion is transported by ATPase back into the cell wall, maintaining a voltage difference (or membrane potential) between the cytoplasm and wall ...
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PGLO Transformation LAB AP LAB 7

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The origin of the endothelial cells
The origin of the endothelial cells

... of the gut (EN) and a layer of myoepithelial cells (ME) in an oligochaete annelid. Note the presence of amoebocytes (arrows) adhered to the basement membranes of both epithelia. (B) Hemal space (H) in the hemichordate Balanoglossus, lined by the basement membranes of the EN and the coelomic epitheli ...
• What type of epithelium is this? • What do you think might be the
• What type of epithelium is this? • What do you think might be the

... • What type of epithelium is this? Stratified squamous epithelium (nonkaritinized) • What is the difference between the nuclei in the basal layer and those close to the surface? The nuclei in the basal layer are round and show mitoses, those at the surface are pyknotic and degenerate • How does thi ...
Problem Set 4 Solution
Problem Set 4 Solution

... e) You mix the genomic fragments with the cut vectors and add DNA ligase. You then transform E. coli cells with the ligation mix and select the clones transformed with the recombinant plasmid by doing replica plating. What growth medium(s) would you use to select these clones? Explain your choice. Y ...
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Cellular differentiation



In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.
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