Evaluation of peptide-mediated nucleic acid delivery
... systems as they possess the above mentioned characteristics (28). Furthermore, they are easy to produce, relatively stable, non-toxic and non-immunogenic (2,23). Peptides can be categorized, depending on their function, as: DNA-condensing peptides, which condense nucleic acids, cell-penetrating pept ...
... systems as they possess the above mentioned characteristics (28). Furthermore, they are easy to produce, relatively stable, non-toxic and non-immunogenic (2,23). Peptides can be categorized, depending on their function, as: DNA-condensing peptides, which condense nucleic acids, cell-penetrating pept ...
From the regulation of peptidoglycan synthesis to bacterial growth
... Bacteria come in a range of shapes (such as cocci and rods), and their internal volume ranges from ~10–2 to ~106 μm3 (REF. 1). Importantly, however, cells of any given species are rather uniform in shape and size during vegetative growth. Therefore, growing bacteria must have robust mechanisms to ma ...
... Bacteria come in a range of shapes (such as cocci and rods), and their internal volume ranges from ~10–2 to ~106 μm3 (REF. 1). Importantly, however, cells of any given species are rather uniform in shape and size during vegetative growth. Therefore, growing bacteria must have robust mechanisms to ma ...
Efficiency and Diversity of Protein Localization by Random Signal Sequences.
... classes on the basis of the steady-state fraction of invertase that is glycosylated and therefore can be assumed to have been translocated into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). A functional class gives rise only to glycosylated invertase, and a partially functional class gives rise to bo ...
... classes on the basis of the steady-state fraction of invertase that is glycosylated and therefore can be assumed to have been translocated into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). A functional class gives rise only to glycosylated invertase, and a partially functional class gives rise to bo ...
Dissecting sterol function during clathrin-dependent
... lipid bilayer solvent that can interact with peripheral proteins (Simons and Sampaio, 2011). The lipid bilayer results from the self-association of the lipids hydrophobic moieties and the interaction of the hydrophilic moieties with aqueous environments. The same principle acts at the subcellular le ...
... lipid bilayer solvent that can interact with peripheral proteins (Simons and Sampaio, 2011). The lipid bilayer results from the self-association of the lipids hydrophobic moieties and the interaction of the hydrophilic moieties with aqueous environments. The same principle acts at the subcellular le ...
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... galactose (Ga2Cer), sialic acid (GM4), or sulfate (SGalCer). In contrast, GlcCer can only be converted to LacCer, which in turn serves as the precursor for a large number of glycosphingolipid series. The ganglioseries (GgCer) are conveniently described by the Svennerholm nomenclature (GA2, GM3, etc. ...
... galactose (Ga2Cer), sialic acid (GM4), or sulfate (SGalCer). In contrast, GlcCer can only be converted to LacCer, which in turn serves as the precursor for a large number of glycosphingolipid series. The ganglioseries (GgCer) are conveniently described by the Svennerholm nomenclature (GA2, GM3, etc. ...
The Common Ancestor of Archaea and Eukarya Was Not an Archaeon
... and/or molecular levels. These, for example, include the spliceosome, mRNA capping, and extensive polyadenylation as well as huge transcriptional machineries with unique components, such as the mediator, endoplasmic reticulum, and derived structures such as lysosomes, the Golgi apparatus and the nuc ...
... and/or molecular levels. These, for example, include the spliceosome, mRNA capping, and extensive polyadenylation as well as huge transcriptional machineries with unique components, such as the mediator, endoplasmic reticulum, and derived structures such as lysosomes, the Golgi apparatus and the nuc ...
Chromatin folding – from biology to polymer models and back
... chromatin fibre forms loops is already several decades old, but only about 10 years ago the notion grew that looping has a direct role in gene regulation (Bulger and Groudine, 1999). However, only recently it has become possible to directly measure chromatin– chromatin interactions (i.e. looping) by ...
... chromatin fibre forms loops is already several decades old, but only about 10 years ago the notion grew that looping has a direct role in gene regulation (Bulger and Groudine, 1999). However, only recently it has become possible to directly measure chromatin– chromatin interactions (i.e. looping) by ...
POS-1 and germ cell specification
... after the first cleavage of the embryo, and is present predominantly in germline blastomeres. Like MEX-1, POS1 is a cytoplasmic protein localized predominantly to germline blastomeres. Like both MEX-1 and PIE-1, the POS1 protein is a component of P granules and has two copies of the CCCH finger moti ...
... after the first cleavage of the embryo, and is present predominantly in germline blastomeres. Like MEX-1, POS1 is a cytoplasmic protein localized predominantly to germline blastomeres. Like both MEX-1 and PIE-1, the POS1 protein is a component of P granules and has two copies of the CCCH finger moti ...
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... gradually coats the Xp during pre-implantation development (Huynh and Lee, 2003; Okamoto et al., 2004). By the early blastocyst stage, prior to specification of extra-embryonic and embryonic lineages, Xist accumulation on the Xp (Xp-Xist coating) is evident in all cells of the embryo (Sheardown et a ...
... gradually coats the Xp during pre-implantation development (Huynh and Lee, 2003; Okamoto et al., 2004). By the early blastocyst stage, prior to specification of extra-embryonic and embryonic lineages, Xist accumulation on the Xp (Xp-Xist coating) is evident in all cells of the embryo (Sheardown et a ...
Article
... cortex, extending from the lateral third of the orbital surface of the frontal lobe as far as the limits of the entorhinal area on the dorsal surface of the temporal lobe. In the entorhinal area itself only very few, isolated, degenerating fibres are seen at its margin of contact with the prepirifor ...
... cortex, extending from the lateral third of the orbital surface of the frontal lobe as far as the limits of the entorhinal area on the dorsal surface of the temporal lobe. In the entorhinal area itself only very few, isolated, degenerating fibres are seen at its margin of contact with the prepirifor ...
Cooperation between the RING+B1-B2 and coiled-coil
... endogenous PML by provoking its delocalization from the NBs (Le et al., 1996). However, whether the ability of PML to suppress transformation in certain experimental systems re¯ects a more general function of growth suppression and whether and how this function is lost in APL remain to be establishe ...
... endogenous PML by provoking its delocalization from the NBs (Le et al., 1996). However, whether the ability of PML to suppress transformation in certain experimental systems re¯ects a more general function of growth suppression and whether and how this function is lost in APL remain to be establishe ...
Microtubules Regulate Dynamic Organization of Vacuoles in
... some of the chloroplasts observed in a chloronema cell. During irradiation of the center of the cell with blue light (100 Wm–2), the chloroplasts move to both edges of the cell (12–36 min). Note that the vacuolar structure is smooth at the center of the cell. Subsequent irradiation of the center of ...
... some of the chloroplasts observed in a chloronema cell. During irradiation of the center of the cell with blue light (100 Wm–2), the chloroplasts move to both edges of the cell (12–36 min). Note that the vacuolar structure is smooth at the center of the cell. Subsequent irradiation of the center of ...
RNA polyadenylation and decay in mitochondria and chloroplasts.
... genome. Today, of the thousands of proteins present in organelles, only a very limited number remain encoded by the organellar genome. For example, only 13 proteins are encoded in the human mitochondrial genome, and about 90 in the chloroplasts of Arabidopsis. Still, organelles harbor a complete gen ...
... genome. Today, of the thousands of proteins present in organelles, only a very limited number remain encoded by the organellar genome. For example, only 13 proteins are encoded in the human mitochondrial genome, and about 90 in the chloroplasts of Arabidopsis. Still, organelles harbor a complete gen ...
Chapter ONE - VU Research Portal
... phase mitogens are needed in order to continue to cycle. Once enough cyclin D-Cdk4/6 complexes are active, pRb is phosphorylated, thereby allowing the expression of E2F target genes. From here, growth signals are no longer needed, and cells commit themselves to the cell cycle. This decision point is ...
... phase mitogens are needed in order to continue to cycle. Once enough cyclin D-Cdk4/6 complexes are active, pRb is phosphorylated, thereby allowing the expression of E2F target genes. From here, growth signals are no longer needed, and cells commit themselves to the cell cycle. This decision point is ...
Separation of Sister Chromatids in Mitosis
... and 1.3 kb of downstream sequences) rescued the mitotic defect or the lethality, respectively, of pim mutants (see below). We conclude therefore that this transcription unit corresponds to the pim gene. Sequencing of genomic and cDNA clones revealed the structure of the transcription unit (Figure 3B ...
... and 1.3 kb of downstream sequences) rescued the mitotic defect or the lethality, respectively, of pim mutants (see below). We conclude therefore that this transcription unit corresponds to the pim gene. Sequencing of genomic and cDNA clones revealed the structure of the transcription unit (Figure 3B ...
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... Scarpulla RC. Transcriptional Paradigms in Mammalian Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Function. Physiol Rev 88: 611– 638, 2008; doi:10.1152/physrev.00025.2007.—Mitochondria contain their own genetic system and undergo a unique mode of cytoplasmic inheritance. Each organelle has multiple copies of a cova ...
... Scarpulla RC. Transcriptional Paradigms in Mammalian Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Function. Physiol Rev 88: 611– 638, 2008; doi:10.1152/physrev.00025.2007.—Mitochondria contain their own genetic system and undergo a unique mode of cytoplasmic inheritance. Each organelle has multiple copies of a cova ...
Transcriptional Paradigms in Mammalian Mitochondrial Biogenesis
... Scarpulla RC. Transcriptional Paradigms in Mammalian Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Function. Physiol Rev 88: 611– 638, 2008; doi:10.1152/physrev.00025.2007.—Mitochondria contain their own genetic system and undergo a unique mode of cytoplasmic inheritance. Each organelle has multiple copies of a cova ...
... Scarpulla RC. Transcriptional Paradigms in Mammalian Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Function. Physiol Rev 88: 611– 638, 2008; doi:10.1152/physrev.00025.2007.—Mitochondria contain their own genetic system and undergo a unique mode of cytoplasmic inheritance. Each organelle has multiple copies of a cova ...
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... least 60 genes. This must be considered as a minimum estimate, as a small part of the genome still remains to be sequence [1]. Rab GTPases cycle between active and inactive states, GTP-bound or GDP-bound forms, respectively. In the active conformation, Rabs interact with a high variety of Rab-effect ...
... least 60 genes. This must be considered as a minimum estimate, as a small part of the genome still remains to be sequence [1]. Rab GTPases cycle between active and inactive states, GTP-bound or GDP-bound forms, respectively. In the active conformation, Rabs interact with a high variety of Rab-effect ...
NYS Lab: Diffusion Through a Membrane
... • exposure to a strongly hypotonic solution resulted in the cell's ability to quickly adjust to ...
... • exposure to a strongly hypotonic solution resulted in the cell's ability to quickly adjust to ...
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... per gonad arm that can be detected at any given time is very low [4.0 apoptotic germ cells on average in hermaphrodites 48 hours post the fourth larval (L4) stage] (Gumienny et al., 1999). For this reason, we analyzed constitutive germ cell apoptosis in the background of ced-6(n2095). n2095 is a los ...
... per gonad arm that can be detected at any given time is very low [4.0 apoptotic germ cells on average in hermaphrodites 48 hours post the fourth larval (L4) stage] (Gumienny et al., 1999). For this reason, we analyzed constitutive germ cell apoptosis in the background of ced-6(n2095). n2095 is a los ...
RNA-binding proteins and RNA metabolism: a new scenario in the
... in different cell lines and in mammalian neurons, TDP-43 is mainly localized in perichromatin fibrils, nuclear sites of transcription and splicing, where it associates with actively transcribed genes (Ayala et al., 2008; Casafont et al., 2009). The regulation of transcriptional processes exerted by ...
... in different cell lines and in mammalian neurons, TDP-43 is mainly localized in perichromatin fibrils, nuclear sites of transcription and splicing, where it associates with actively transcribed genes (Ayala et al., 2008; Casafont et al., 2009). The regulation of transcriptional processes exerted by ...
Cell nucleus
In cell biology, the nucleus (pl. nuclei; from Latin nucleus or nuculeus, meaning kernel) is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotes usually have a single nucleus, but a few cell types have no nuclei, and a few others have many.Cell nuclei contain most of the cell's genetic material, organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules in complex with a large variety of proteins, such as histones, to form chromosomes. The genes within these chromosomes are the cell's nuclear genome. The function of the nucleus is to maintain the integrity of these genes and to control the activities of the cell by regulating gene expression—the nucleus is, therefore, the control center of the cell. The main structures making up the nucleus are the nuclear envelope, a double membrane that encloses the entire organelle and isolates its contents from the cellular cytoplasm, and the nucleoskeleton (which includes nuclear lamina), a network within the nucleus that adds mechanical support, much like the cytoskeleton, which supports the cell as a whole.Because the nuclear membrane is impermeable to large molecules, nuclear pores are required that regulate nuclear transport of molecules across the envelope. The pores cross both nuclear membranes, providing a channel through which larger molecules must be actively transported by carrier proteins while allowing free movement of small molecules and ions. Movement of large molecules such as proteins and RNA through the pores is required for both gene expression and the maintenance of chromosomes. The interior of the nucleus does not contain any membrane-bound sub compartments, its contents are not uniform, and a number of sub-nuclear bodies exist, made up of unique proteins, RNA molecules, and particular parts of the chromosomes. The best-known of these is the nucleolus, which is mainly involved in the assembly of ribosomes. After being produced in the nucleolus, ribosomes are exported to the cytoplasm where they translate mRNA.