Chromatin Dynamics during Lytic Infection with Herpes Simplex
... for a total of 200 bp and ~2 turns. The linear chain of nucleosomes is then folded into complex higher order structures to form the chromatin fibers. Chromatin is essential to compact the long eukaryotic genomic DNA to fit within the cell nucleus. For example, the more than 1m of human genomic DNA i ...
... for a total of 200 bp and ~2 turns. The linear chain of nucleosomes is then folded into complex higher order structures to form the chromatin fibers. Chromatin is essential to compact the long eukaryotic genomic DNA to fit within the cell nucleus. For example, the more than 1m of human genomic DNA i ...
Daclatasvir Prevents Hepatitis C Virus by Blocking Transfer of
... and NS5A proteins were readily detected in Jc1-infected cells at 72h post-infection (see the extractions of E2/core/NS5A colocalization pixels in the right panels A of either figure and quantifications in panels B-C). Strikingly, after a 6h-long DCV treatment, they appeared ca. 85% bigger than witho ...
... and NS5A proteins were readily detected in Jc1-infected cells at 72h post-infection (see the extractions of E2/core/NS5A colocalization pixels in the right panels A of either figure and quantifications in panels B-C). Strikingly, after a 6h-long DCV treatment, they appeared ca. 85% bigger than witho ...
Anterior PAR proteins function during cytokinesis and
... Fig. 2. Phenotypes observed in double par-3 mutant and PAR-6 RNAi-depleted embryos. Depletion of both anterior PAR proteins (PAR-3 and PAR-6) yields a smaller brood size and a variety of embryonic lethal phenotypes. The total number of embryos from each particular assay was quantified (Total n). Th ...
... Fig. 2. Phenotypes observed in double par-3 mutant and PAR-6 RNAi-depleted embryos. Depletion of both anterior PAR proteins (PAR-3 and PAR-6) yields a smaller brood size and a variety of embryonic lethal phenotypes. The total number of embryos from each particular assay was quantified (Total n). Th ...
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... Analysis of acidic proteins by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis The patterns of polypeptide synthesis of oocytes labelled from either 0 to 3 h or from 18 to 21 h (i.e. after culture) are shown in Figs 3 and 4 respectively. These profiles confirm that maturation is accompanied by major changes in ...
... Analysis of acidic proteins by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis The patterns of polypeptide synthesis of oocytes labelled from either 0 to 3 h or from 18 to 21 h (i.e. after culture) are shown in Figs 3 and 4 respectively. These profiles confirm that maturation is accompanied by major changes in ...
Fungi represent a group of heterotrophic living organisms which are
... Diagnostic characters of Divisions Myxomycota (Slime molds) Slime molds are quite distinct from the true fungi. These are heterotrophic and form spores, but lack cell walls and show a unique body organisation. The body is a large ...
... Diagnostic characters of Divisions Myxomycota (Slime molds) Slime molds are quite distinct from the true fungi. These are heterotrophic and form spores, but lack cell walls and show a unique body organisation. The body is a large ...
Circadian Molecular Clocks Tick along Ontogenesis
... 1999), but also via activation of CRE (Iwasaki et al. 1997, Burbach et al. 2001) and AP1 (Burbach et al. 2001) elements by a non-clock-related mechanism. Moreover, recent data using detection of heteronuclear RNA as a nascent transcript, which is a more reliable marker of transcriptional rate than d ...
... 1999), but also via activation of CRE (Iwasaki et al. 1997, Burbach et al. 2001) and AP1 (Burbach et al. 2001) elements by a non-clock-related mechanism. Moreover, recent data using detection of heteronuclear RNA as a nascent transcript, which is a more reliable marker of transcriptional rate than d ...
Regulation of the initiation of chromosomal replication in bacteria
... regulator of oriC unwinding in vitro; hence PhoBP might reduce the initiation frequency during phosphate starvation. Switching off replication by preventing a new round of replication must also occur at certain stages of the life cycles of bacteria that undergo cellular differentiation, for example ...
... regulator of oriC unwinding in vitro; hence PhoBP might reduce the initiation frequency during phosphate starvation. Switching off replication by preventing a new round of replication must also occur at certain stages of the life cycles of bacteria that undergo cellular differentiation, for example ...
Regulation of chromatin by histone modifications
... significant negative charge to the histone that undoubtedly influences the chromatin structure. For the majority of kinases, however, it is unclear how the enzyme is accurately recruited to its site of action on chromatin. In a few cases, exemplified by the mammalian MAPK1 enzyme, the kinase possess ...
... significant negative charge to the histone that undoubtedly influences the chromatin structure. For the majority of kinases, however, it is unclear how the enzyme is accurately recruited to its site of action on chromatin. In a few cases, exemplified by the mammalian MAPK1 enzyme, the kinase possess ...
Rapid RNA Exchange in Aqueous Two-Phase System and Coacervate Droplets Christian Hentrich
... within which they reside. While there has been great progress in understanding prebiotically plausible vesicle assembly and replication pathways (Budin and Szostak 2010; Chen and Walde 2010), combining both encapsulation and replication into a functional model protocell presents additional challenge ...
... within which they reside. While there has been great progress in understanding prebiotically plausible vesicle assembly and replication pathways (Budin and Szostak 2010; Chen and Walde 2010), combining both encapsulation and replication into a functional model protocell presents additional challenge ...
How proteins produce cellular membrane curvature
... elasticity is characterized by the elastic moduli, such as the bending moduli of the membrane monolayer, κm, and bilayer, κB, the moduli of the Gaussian curvature of the monolayer and bilayer, κ m and κ B , respectively, the membrane stretching modulus, Г (see Supplementary information S1 (box) and ...
... elasticity is characterized by the elastic moduli, such as the bending moduli of the membrane monolayer, κm, and bilayer, κB, the moduli of the Gaussian curvature of the monolayer and bilayer, κ m and κ B , respectively, the membrane stretching modulus, Г (see Supplementary information S1 (box) and ...
Cytochrome c Release and Apoptosis Induced by Mitochondrial
... Repression of TR3 transactivation function by these apoptosis inducers was unexpected, because TR3 was thought to exert its proapoptotic effect by acting as a transcription factor to regulate gene expression (13– 16). Repression of TR3 transactivation was not related to direct binding of apoptosis i ...
... Repression of TR3 transactivation function by these apoptosis inducers was unexpected, because TR3 was thought to exert its proapoptotic effect by acting as a transcription factor to regulate gene expression (13– 16). Repression of TR3 transactivation was not related to direct binding of apoptosis i ...
Ciz1 cooperates with cyclin-A–CDK2 to activate mammalian DNA
... A; this occurred independently of CDK2. (D) Reactions were performed as for C, except recombinant cyclin E or cyclin-E–CDK2 complex was used. Cyclin E was recovered by both ECiz1 fragments and was independent of CDK2. (E) Schematic representation of cyclin E and A interactions with ECiz1. Fragments ...
... A; this occurred independently of CDK2. (D) Reactions were performed as for C, except recombinant cyclin E or cyclin-E–CDK2 complex was used. Cyclin E was recovered by both ECiz1 fragments and was independent of CDK2. (E) Schematic representation of cyclin E and A interactions with ECiz1. Fragments ...
Dispersal of Golgi matrix proteins during mitotic Golgi
... ER (Zaal et al., 1999). If the entire Golgi is in the ER, then post-mitotic Golgi biogenesis must occur de novo. Interestingly, this latter work used Golgi enzymes rather than any golgin or GRASP as marker proteins. It was subsequently observed that during BFA-induced Golgi collapse, Golgi enzymes m ...
... ER (Zaal et al., 1999). If the entire Golgi is in the ER, then post-mitotic Golgi biogenesis must occur de novo. Interestingly, this latter work used Golgi enzymes rather than any golgin or GRASP as marker proteins. It was subsequently observed that during BFA-induced Golgi collapse, Golgi enzymes m ...
Sister Chromatid Cohesion Control and Aneuploidy
... understand the role of this cohesin-cofactor. Two cohesin-regulators Rad61/WapL and Pds5 are also involved in the opening/closing of cohesin ring by interactions with different cohesin subunits [Rowland et al., 2009] (fig. 2). These cofactors are necessary for cohesin complex dynamics, but are not c ...
... understand the role of this cohesin-cofactor. Two cohesin-regulators Rad61/WapL and Pds5 are also involved in the opening/closing of cohesin ring by interactions with different cohesin subunits [Rowland et al., 2009] (fig. 2). These cofactors are necessary for cohesin complex dynamics, but are not c ...
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... destruction complex. Consequently, -catenin accumulates and enters the nucleus, where it promotes expression of Wnt target genes. Here, we show that Wnt signalling inhibits the Notch pathway and that this crosstalk occurs via Dishevelled. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Dvl2 inhibits Notch signall ...
... destruction complex. Consequently, -catenin accumulates and enters the nucleus, where it promotes expression of Wnt target genes. Here, we show that Wnt signalling inhibits the Notch pathway and that this crosstalk occurs via Dishevelled. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Dvl2 inhibits Notch signall ...
Genetic Analysis of Female Gametophyte Development and Function
... 1997; Schneitz et al., 1997). In some of these mutants, female gametophyte development is altered (Robinson-Beers et al., 1992; Modrusan et al., 1994; Elliot et al., 1996; Klucher et al., 1996; Schneitz et al., 1997). However, it is not clear whether these mutations affect female gametophyte develop ...
... 1997; Schneitz et al., 1997). In some of these mutants, female gametophyte development is altered (Robinson-Beers et al., 1992; Modrusan et al., 1994; Elliot et al., 1996; Klucher et al., 1996; Schneitz et al., 1997). However, it is not clear whether these mutations affect female gametophyte develop ...
Lysosomal Function and Dysfunction
... Given their high levels of hydrolytic enzymes, lysosomes are potentially harmful to the cell (3). Damage to the lysosomal membrane results in the release of its contents into the cytoplasm, inducing indiscriminate degradation of cellular components. Moreover, massive lysosomal breakdown may induce c ...
... Given their high levels of hydrolytic enzymes, lysosomes are potentially harmful to the cell (3). Damage to the lysosomal membrane results in the release of its contents into the cytoplasm, inducing indiscriminate degradation of cellular components. Moreover, massive lysosomal breakdown may induce c ...
The MKK7 gene encodes a group of c-Jun NH2
... thereby eliciting a biological response. At least three groups of MAPKs have been identified in mammals: ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase), JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase; also known as stress-activated protein kinase), and p38 MAPK (also known as cytokine-suppressive anti-inflammatory drugb ...
... thereby eliciting a biological response. At least three groups of MAPKs have been identified in mammals: ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase), JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase; also known as stress-activated protein kinase), and p38 MAPK (also known as cytokine-suppressive anti-inflammatory drugb ...
Replication-Coupled Packaging Mechanism in Positive
... Flock house virus (FHV), a bipartite RNA virus of insects and a member of the Nodaviridae family, shares viral replication features with the tripartite brome mosaic virus (BMV), an RNA virus that infects plants and is a member of the Bromoviridae family. In BMV and FHV, genome packaging is coupled t ...
... Flock house virus (FHV), a bipartite RNA virus of insects and a member of the Nodaviridae family, shares viral replication features with the tripartite brome mosaic virus (BMV), an RNA virus that infects plants and is a member of the Bromoviridae family. In BMV and FHV, genome packaging is coupled t ...
The engrailed Locus of D. melanogaster Provides an Essential
... blastoderm formation depends solely upon maternal inheritance of stored mRNA and protein. No known zygoticlethal mutations arrest or affect morphogenesis prior to the formation of the syncytial blastoderm (Wright, 1970). ...
... blastoderm formation depends solely upon maternal inheritance of stored mRNA and protein. No known zygoticlethal mutations arrest or affect morphogenesis prior to the formation of the syncytial blastoderm (Wright, 1970). ...
Mitofilin complexes: conserved organizers of mitochondrial
... largely dissociated from the outer membrane, but specific membrane regions remained tightly tethered. These morphologically defined contact sites have been proposed to depend on two-membrane-bridging scaffold-like complexes, but the identification of such complexes proved to be challenging (Reichert ...
... largely dissociated from the outer membrane, but specific membrane regions remained tightly tethered. These morphologically defined contact sites have been proposed to depend on two-membrane-bridging scaffold-like complexes, but the identification of such complexes proved to be challenging (Reichert ...
Cell nucleus
In cell biology, the nucleus (pl. nuclei; from Latin nucleus or nuculeus, meaning kernel) is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotes usually have a single nucleus, but a few cell types have no nuclei, and a few others have many.Cell nuclei contain most of the cell's genetic material, organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules in complex with a large variety of proteins, such as histones, to form chromosomes. The genes within these chromosomes are the cell's nuclear genome. The function of the nucleus is to maintain the integrity of these genes and to control the activities of the cell by regulating gene expression—the nucleus is, therefore, the control center of the cell. The main structures making up the nucleus are the nuclear envelope, a double membrane that encloses the entire organelle and isolates its contents from the cellular cytoplasm, and the nucleoskeleton (which includes nuclear lamina), a network within the nucleus that adds mechanical support, much like the cytoskeleton, which supports the cell as a whole.Because the nuclear membrane is impermeable to large molecules, nuclear pores are required that regulate nuclear transport of molecules across the envelope. The pores cross both nuclear membranes, providing a channel through which larger molecules must be actively transported by carrier proteins while allowing free movement of small molecules and ions. Movement of large molecules such as proteins and RNA through the pores is required for both gene expression and the maintenance of chromosomes. The interior of the nucleus does not contain any membrane-bound sub compartments, its contents are not uniform, and a number of sub-nuclear bodies exist, made up of unique proteins, RNA molecules, and particular parts of the chromosomes. The best-known of these is the nucleolus, which is mainly involved in the assembly of ribosomes. After being produced in the nucleolus, ribosomes are exported to the cytoplasm where they translate mRNA.