Heredity
... the phenotype for each parent? • What are the possible genotypes and the phenotypes for the offspring? ...
... the phenotype for each parent? • What are the possible genotypes and the phenotypes for the offspring? ...
Conflict & cooperation
... Two approaches : - game theory: cooperation is only a good strategy when it has mutual or delayed benefits (false altruism) - kin selection: cooperation also possible when it has personal costs, but only when interactants are genetically related (true altruism) ...
... Two approaches : - game theory: cooperation is only a good strategy when it has mutual or delayed benefits (false altruism) - kin selection: cooperation also possible when it has personal costs, but only when interactants are genetically related (true altruism) ...
Perhaps some will see my talk this evening as being more about
... It has been said that this asymmetry is the source of female exploitation. But there is a real sense in which female exploitation by males is impossible. With perfect and absolute mathematical precision, it is possible to assert that the number of children born to females is exactly equal to the num ...
... It has been said that this asymmetry is the source of female exploitation. But there is a real sense in which female exploitation by males is impossible. With perfect and absolute mathematical precision, it is possible to assert that the number of children born to females is exactly equal to the num ...
Communal Nesting and Nursing in Mice buffalowings321 Dams
... mothers, to communally nest. Communal nesting diminishes the necessity of wasting time and energy on the parents’ side. However communal nursing is the responsibility that the female parents must share, a process that involves the care of each individual pup. (Saylor & Salmon, 1971) The pups must b ...
... mothers, to communally nest. Communal nesting diminishes the necessity of wasting time and energy on the parents’ side. However communal nursing is the responsibility that the female parents must share, a process that involves the care of each individual pup. (Saylor & Salmon, 1971) The pups must b ...
No Slide Title
... – however, common to use in reference to allele – can be ambiguous! HbS (recessive sickle cell anemia, co-dominant expression of globin, dominant malaria resistance) ...
... – however, common to use in reference to allele – can be ambiguous! HbS (recessive sickle cell anemia, co-dominant expression of globin, dominant malaria resistance) ...
(lectures 26
... the Finding Nemo fish). (h) Self-sterility. In plants, have a particular multi-allele locus for which you can mate if the two individuals do not have any allele in common, or if the female plant tissue does not share any allele with the pollen that fertilizes it. This leads to many alleles at roughl ...
... the Finding Nemo fish). (h) Self-sterility. In plants, have a particular multi-allele locus for which you can mate if the two individuals do not have any allele in common, or if the female plant tissue does not share any allele with the pollen that fertilizes it. This leads to many alleles at roughl ...
Population Genetics
... has reduced the fraction from 25% to 11% in one generation. It would further reduce the fraction each generation, but since there are fewer of them, fewer would be selected against, as well. N.B. natural selection - acts on phenotypes - selects only among variants present Natural selection acts on p ...
... has reduced the fraction from 25% to 11% in one generation. It would further reduce the fraction each generation, but since there are fewer of them, fewer would be selected against, as well. N.B. natural selection - acts on phenotypes - selects only among variants present Natural selection acts on p ...
Population genetics and microevolution
... 3. There is no mutation. If one A mutated to a per 100 alleles, then what was 50% A in the starting population would become 49%A after mutation. Actual mutation rates are about 1/106 per gene, but that translates to about 1 mutation per gamete for us. We are, thus, each unique. ...
... 3. There is no mutation. If one A mutated to a per 100 alleles, then what was 50% A in the starting population would become 49%A after mutation. Actual mutation rates are about 1/106 per gene, but that translates to about 1 mutation per gamete for us. We are, thus, each unique. ...
Chapter 16
... than other individuals, just by chance. Over time, a series of chance occurrences of this type can cause an allele to become common in a population. ...
... than other individuals, just by chance. Over time, a series of chance occurrences of this type can cause an allele to become common in a population. ...
Five agents of evolutionary change
... have differences in characteristics Ex. Dogs – one species but many varieties ...
... have differences in characteristics Ex. Dogs – one species but many varieties ...
Introduction to Genetics Terms
... 16. Independent Assortment: This is when genes for different traits are not necessarily inherited together. For example, yellow peas can be on either short or tall plants. 17. Incomplete Dominance: This is when one allele is not completely dominant over the other allele. For example, red and white f ...
... 16. Independent Assortment: This is when genes for different traits are not necessarily inherited together. For example, yellow peas can be on either short or tall plants. 17. Incomplete Dominance: This is when one allele is not completely dominant over the other allele. For example, red and white f ...
Notes Chapter 16 The Evolution of Populations and Species
... b. 2pq: frequency of individuals that are heterozygous for the alleles A and a c. q2: frequency of individuals that are homozygous for the allele a d. Predicts genotype frequency e. Phenotype frequency – the number of individuals with a particular phenotype divided by the total number of individuals ...
... b. 2pq: frequency of individuals that are heterozygous for the alleles A and a c. q2: frequency of individuals that are homozygous for the allele a d. Predicts genotype frequency e. Phenotype frequency – the number of individuals with a particular phenotype divided by the total number of individuals ...
Levels of inbreeding depression over seven generations of selfing in
... monogenic hermaphrodites and no males, thus disallowing cross-fertilization; Sassaman and Weeks, 1993). Therefore, these treatments were consistently inbred throughout the seven generations of the experiment, and are hereafter referred to as the ‘selfed’ treatments. The amphigenic treatments began w ...
... monogenic hermaphrodites and no males, thus disallowing cross-fertilization; Sassaman and Weeks, 1993). Therefore, these treatments were consistently inbred throughout the seven generations of the experiment, and are hereafter referred to as the ‘selfed’ treatments. The amphigenic treatments began w ...
Genetics Test - WOHS Biology
... Meiosis is the first step in genetics and important to understand where we get the gametes from. For example, when we make punnett squares, the Gg or GG or gg are the gametes from one individual. They separate to pass on only one to their offspring. One from each parent form the offspring. One s ...
... Meiosis is the first step in genetics and important to understand where we get the gametes from. For example, when we make punnett squares, the Gg or GG or gg are the gametes from one individual. They separate to pass on only one to their offspring. One from each parent form the offspring. One s ...
Genes and Behaviour
... Methods for Studying Behavioural Genetics 1. Study of Mendelian Traits - Single Gene Effects 2. Inbreeding Studies ...
... Methods for Studying Behavioural Genetics 1. Study of Mendelian Traits - Single Gene Effects 2. Inbreeding Studies ...
Mendels Laws of Heredity
... We should all be able to complete monohybrid and dihybrid crosses using Punnett Squares at this time We should be able to describe genotypes and phenotypes of offspring We should be able to describe ratios among offspring and describe probabilities of phenotypes among offspring ...
... We should all be able to complete monohybrid and dihybrid crosses using Punnett Squares at this time We should be able to describe genotypes and phenotypes of offspring We should be able to describe ratios among offspring and describe probabilities of phenotypes among offspring ...
Speciation
... – Apple finding males mate with apple finding females – Hawthorn finding males mate with hawthorn finding females – About 94% of fly matings are with same type • But that leaves about 6% of matings apple-hawthorn • That’s still a lot of gene flow ...
... – Apple finding males mate with apple finding females – Hawthorn finding males mate with hawthorn finding females – About 94% of fly matings are with same type • But that leaves about 6% of matings apple-hawthorn • That’s still a lot of gene flow ...
I. Genetic Equilibrium
... Natural selection describes the tendency of beneficial alleles to become more common over time (and detrimental ones less common), genetic drift refers to the tendency of any allele to vary randomly in frequency over time due to statistical variation alone. ...
... Natural selection describes the tendency of beneficial alleles to become more common over time (and detrimental ones less common), genetic drift refers to the tendency of any allele to vary randomly in frequency over time due to statistical variation alone. ...
Chapter 6
... populations. • Non-random mating due to mate selection based on phenotypic differences leads to sexual selection. Inbreeding, another form of non-random mating, increases the frequency of homozygous genotypes in a gene pool. • Genetic drift can result in the loss of alleles from small populations du ...
... populations. • Non-random mating due to mate selection based on phenotypic differences leads to sexual selection. Inbreeding, another form of non-random mating, increases the frequency of homozygous genotypes in a gene pool. • Genetic drift can result in the loss of alleles from small populations du ...
Inheritance Patterns Name Definition Visual Example Punnett
... flower (WW) will result in 100% red and white polka dot flowers. ...
... flower (WW) will result in 100% red and white polka dot flowers. ...
Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium
... Whether a mutation is good or bad, often depends on the environment. A harmful mutation can turn out to have a selective advantage if the environment changes over time. ...
... Whether a mutation is good or bad, often depends on the environment. A harmful mutation can turn out to have a selective advantage if the environment changes over time. ...
Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium - Salisbury Composite High School
... Whether a mutation is good or bad, often depends on the environment. A harmful mutation can turn out to have a selective advantage if the environment changes over time. ...
... Whether a mutation is good or bad, often depends on the environment. A harmful mutation can turn out to have a selective advantage if the environment changes over time. ...
Chapter 23 (OLD)
... for any feature, there can be many phenotypes phenotypes are determined by alleles must examine change in allele frequency of a population over time ...
... for any feature, there can be many phenotypes phenotypes are determined by alleles must examine change in allele frequency of a population over time ...
Inbreeding avoidance
Inbreeding avoidance, or the inbreeding avoidance hypothesis, is a concept in evolutionary biology that refers to the prevention of the deleterious effects of inbreeding. The inbreeding avoidance hypothesis posits that certain mechanisms develop within a species, or within a given population of a species, as a result of natural and sexual selection in order to prevent breeding among related individuals in that species or population. Although inbreeding may impose certain evolutionary costs, inbreeding avoidance, which limits the number of potential mates for a given individual, can inflict opportunity costs. Therefore, a balance exists between inbreeding and inbreeding avoidance. This balance determines whether inbreeding mechanisms develop and the specific nature of said mechanisms.Inbreeding results in inbreeding depression, which is the reduction of fitness of a given population due to inbreeding. Inbreeding depression occurs via one of two mechanisms. The first mechanism involves the appearance of disadvantageous traits via the pairing of deleterious recessive alleles in a mating pair’s progeny. When two related individuals mate, the probability of deleterious recessive alleles pairing in the resulting offspring is higher as compared to when non-related individuals mate. The second mechanism relates to the increased fitness of heterozygotes. Many studies have demonstrated that homozygous individuals are often disadvantaged with respect to heterozygous individuals. For example, a study conducted on a population of South African cheetahs demonstrated that the lack of genetic variability among individuals in the population has resulted in negative consequences for individuals, such as a greater rate of juvenile mortality and spermatozoal abnormalities. When heterozygotes possess a fitness advantage relative to a homozygote, a population with a large number of homozygotes will have a relatively reduced fitness, thus leading to inbreeding depression. Through these described mechanisms, the effects of inbreeding depression are often severe enough to cause the evolution of inbreeding avoidance mechanisms.