q 2 - University of Evansville Faculty Web sites
... • Most copies of rare alleles are present in heterozygotes, not homozygotes (2pq >> q2) • Does not apply to sex-linked genes if males and females have unequal gene frequencies • Based on random mating – random with respect to genes that have no influence over mate choice – mating may be random withi ...
... • Most copies of rare alleles are present in heterozygotes, not homozygotes (2pq >> q2) • Does not apply to sex-linked genes if males and females have unequal gene frequencies • Based on random mating – random with respect to genes that have no influence over mate choice – mating may be random withi ...
STAAR REVIEW—GENETICS, NATURAL SELECTION
... Alleles: Genes that code for different versions of a trait (represented by capital and lower case letters) Chromosomes: Specific location of the inherited traits (genes) in our cells Phenotype: The physical appearance of an individual (ex: green eyes, tongue roller, hitchhikers thumb, blood ty ...
... Alleles: Genes that code for different versions of a trait (represented by capital and lower case letters) Chromosomes: Specific location of the inherited traits (genes) in our cells Phenotype: The physical appearance of an individual (ex: green eyes, tongue roller, hitchhikers thumb, blood ty ...
Mutation and selection and breeding systems
... c. self-incompatibility – a number of species have genetic-biochemical mechanisms to reject self-pollen. The rejection is controlled by the S-locus. There are many different alleles possible at this locus. In a plant that shows self-incompatibility, pollen is rejected if it has the same S allele as ...
... c. self-incompatibility – a number of species have genetic-biochemical mechanisms to reject self-pollen. The rejection is controlled by the S-locus. There are many different alleles possible at this locus. In a plant that shows self-incompatibility, pollen is rejected if it has the same S allele as ...
File
... • The color of pythons is a codominant trait. A dark brown python (BB) mates with a light brown python (B’B’). What are the genotypes and phenotype probabilities of the offspring? ...
... • The color of pythons is a codominant trait. A dark brown python (BB) mates with a light brown python (B’B’). What are the genotypes and phenotype probabilities of the offspring? ...
powerpoint
... FREQUENCIES OF ALLELES IN A POPULATION WILL REMAIN CONSTANT IF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IS THE ONLY PROCESS THAT AFFECTS THE GENE POOL. IF P AND Q REPRESENT THE RELATIVE FREQUENCIES OF THE DOMINANT RECESSIVE ALLELES OF A TWO-ALLELE ...
... FREQUENCIES OF ALLELES IN A POPULATION WILL REMAIN CONSTANT IF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IS THE ONLY PROCESS THAT AFFECTS THE GENE POOL. IF P AND Q REPRESENT THE RELATIVE FREQUENCIES OF THE DOMINANT RECESSIVE ALLELES OF A TWO-ALLELE ...
Populations Evolve!
... Can sexual selection change populations? male African longtailed widowbirds had different amounts of nests based on tail length either artifically or naturally lengthened or shortened SIZE DOES MATTER ...
... Can sexual selection change populations? male African longtailed widowbirds had different amounts of nests based on tail length either artifically or naturally lengthened or shortened SIZE DOES MATTER ...
most - Salamander Genome Project
... Ratios of effective population sizes are lower than were assumed in 1988. Impacts of interactions between genetic and other stochastic factors may have been underestimated. Impacts of inbreeding depression were likely underestimated. Overestimated effectiveness of natural ...
... Ratios of effective population sizes are lower than were assumed in 1988. Impacts of interactions between genetic and other stochastic factors may have been underestimated. Impacts of inbreeding depression were likely underestimated. Overestimated effectiveness of natural ...
How many lethal alleles? - University of Edinburgh
... having multiple large inversions, and is identifiable by phenotype when heterozygous or homozygous. They are often chosen to be lethal when homozygous although this is not necessary. Effective population size (Ne): A number reflecting the size of an idealized population (i.e. large, random mating, e ...
... having multiple large inversions, and is identifiable by phenotype when heterozygous or homozygous. They are often chosen to be lethal when homozygous although this is not necessary. Effective population size (Ne): A number reflecting the size of an idealized population (i.e. large, random mating, e ...
SI - TEST 1 STUDY GUIDE Bio 203 – Spring 2011 Introductory
... A side note about small populations: inbreeding depression Inbreeding depression: *Humans avoid inbreeding with co-socialized intimates What is one hypothesis that explains why humans inbreed at all? ...
... A side note about small populations: inbreeding depression Inbreeding depression: *Humans avoid inbreeding with co-socialized intimates What is one hypothesis that explains why humans inbreed at all? ...
4.3.5 Sex Chromosomes and Sex Linkage Questions
... Each person normally has one pair of sex chromosomes in each cell. Females have two X chromosomes, while males have one X and one Y chromosome. The X chromosome contains about 1000 genes, including the genes for haemophilia and colour blindness. For this reason these genes are said to be sex-linked. ...
... Each person normally has one pair of sex chromosomes in each cell. Females have two X chromosomes, while males have one X and one Y chromosome. The X chromosome contains about 1000 genes, including the genes for haemophilia and colour blindness. For this reason these genes are said to be sex-linked. ...
Intrinsic Mating Barriers
... gene flow. Difficulties may occur immediately or soon after zygote formation, resulting in the hybrid zygote or embryo dying during early development. Alternatively, hybrid offspring may survive, but with a reduced fitness compared to non-hybrid offspring. In diploid organisms that carry sex chromos ...
... gene flow. Difficulties may occur immediately or soon after zygote formation, resulting in the hybrid zygote or embryo dying during early development. Alternatively, hybrid offspring may survive, but with a reduced fitness compared to non-hybrid offspring. In diploid organisms that carry sex chromos ...
Document
... 6. Alleles (factors)-Contrasting form of a gene represented by letters 7. Probability- The likelihood that an event will occur 8. Punnet Square- A diagram that aides in determining probability in genetics 9. Monohybrid Cross- 1 pair of contrasting traits are ...
... 6. Alleles (factors)-Contrasting form of a gene represented by letters 7. Probability- The likelihood that an event will occur 8. Punnet Square- A diagram that aides in determining probability in genetics 9. Monohybrid Cross- 1 pair of contrasting traits are ...
Summary document
... Natural selection increases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted and decreases the frequency of other characteristics leading to changes within the species. Better-adapted individuals survive they can reproduce and pass on characteristics to their offspring. Less ...
... Natural selection increases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted and decreases the frequency of other characteristics leading to changes within the species. Better-adapted individuals survive they can reproduce and pass on characteristics to their offspring. Less ...
Chapter 7 Social Relations
... 19. If a male scorpionfly (Panorpa latipennis) does not have a dead arthropod to present a potential mate as a nuptial offering, he can often substitute a _______________________. Answer: salivary mass 20. When investigating haplodiploidy, all of the following statements were found to be true except ...
... 19. If a male scorpionfly (Panorpa latipennis) does not have a dead arthropod to present a potential mate as a nuptial offering, he can often substitute a _______________________. Answer: salivary mass 20. When investigating haplodiploidy, all of the following statements were found to be true except ...
Chapter 18 - Population genetics
... genetic drift (chance events)/founder effect/population bottleneck • Non-random mating • Gene flow (individuals do leave or enter populations) • Natural selection-nature selects individuals in a population that have “favorable” alleles which allow for survival in a given ...
... genetic drift (chance events)/founder effect/population bottleneck • Non-random mating • Gene flow (individuals do leave or enter populations) • Natural selection-nature selects individuals in a population that have “favorable” alleles which allow for survival in a given ...
Pedigree Analysis
... expressed in males if present recessive in females Outsider rule for recessives (only affects females in sexlinked situations): normal outsiders are assumed to be homozygous. ...
... expressed in males if present recessive in females Outsider rule for recessives (only affects females in sexlinked situations): normal outsiders are assumed to be homozygous. ...
12 Cons Bio 2010
... Small species due to small range size and human population densities must protect threatened habitat Large species due to instrinsic qualities long development period, low reproductive rate, low population densities must concentrate on increasing survival and reproductive success. Populations th ...
... Small species due to small range size and human population densities must protect threatened habitat Large species due to instrinsic qualities long development period, low reproductive rate, low population densities must concentrate on increasing survival and reproductive success. Populations th ...
Females - Cloudfront.net
... • Distinguish between male & female flies • Study & examine mutational characteristics of: Eye color (sepia-brown: ss vs. wild type: red SS) ...
... • Distinguish between male & female flies • Study & examine mutational characteristics of: Eye color (sepia-brown: ss vs. wild type: red SS) ...
PAST FRQ`s Genetics
... (b) Information flow can be altered by mutation. Describe THREE different types of mutations and their effect on protein synthesis. (c) Identify TWO environmental factors that increase the mutation rate in an organism, and discuss their effect on the genome of the organism. (d) Epigenetics is the st ...
... (b) Information flow can be altered by mutation. Describe THREE different types of mutations and their effect on protein synthesis. (c) Identify TWO environmental factors that increase the mutation rate in an organism, and discuss their effect on the genome of the organism. (d) Epigenetics is the st ...
Chapter 12: Family, Society, and Evolution
... The hawk-dove game (prisoner’s dilemma): a hawk always competes over resources, taking all the rewards when it wins: 2 hawks always fight. Result – on average – one gets half the reward so the reward is ½ the average benefit minus the cost of fighting (1/2 ...
... The hawk-dove game (prisoner’s dilemma): a hawk always competes over resources, taking all the rewards when it wins: 2 hawks always fight. Result – on average – one gets half the reward so the reward is ½ the average benefit minus the cost of fighting (1/2 ...
Agents of Evolution - rosedale11universitybiology
... In-breeding or mating between closely related partners results in fewer heterozygotes and more homozygotes. ex. Purebred dogs are homozygous for many traits. Assortative mating is where a similar partner is chosen like toads choosing a same size partner, or dog breeding. ...
... In-breeding or mating between closely related partners results in fewer heterozygotes and more homozygotes. ex. Purebred dogs are homozygous for many traits. Assortative mating is where a similar partner is chosen like toads choosing a same size partner, or dog breeding. ...
Genetics Vocabulary
... the phenotype when there are 2 recessive alleles in the genotype Cross mating of 2 individuals in order to observe offspring Monohybrid cross cross involving 1 difference between parents. Parents (P) original individuals in cross. First Filial Generation (F1) first offspring of parents in a cross, a ...
... the phenotype when there are 2 recessive alleles in the genotype Cross mating of 2 individuals in order to observe offspring Monohybrid cross cross involving 1 difference between parents. Parents (P) original individuals in cross. First Filial Generation (F1) first offspring of parents in a cross, a ...
Mendelian Genetics in Populations II
... • Neutralists do not claim that most mutations are neutral • However, they do argue that most of the protein variation that we see within populations has no fitness consequences (i.e. alleles are neutral), and that most of the evolutionary change in proteins that we see between related taxa is due t ...
... • Neutralists do not claim that most mutations are neutral • However, they do argue that most of the protein variation that we see within populations has no fitness consequences (i.e. alleles are neutral), and that most of the evolutionary change in proteins that we see between related taxa is due t ...
Evolution Concept List 2 1. Use each of the following terms in a
... populations of two related species of frogs overlap geographically, their mating calls differ more than they do where the species don’t overlap. ...
... populations of two related species of frogs overlap geographically, their mating calls differ more than they do where the species don’t overlap. ...
Inbreeding avoidance
Inbreeding avoidance, or the inbreeding avoidance hypothesis, is a concept in evolutionary biology that refers to the prevention of the deleterious effects of inbreeding. The inbreeding avoidance hypothesis posits that certain mechanisms develop within a species, or within a given population of a species, as a result of natural and sexual selection in order to prevent breeding among related individuals in that species or population. Although inbreeding may impose certain evolutionary costs, inbreeding avoidance, which limits the number of potential mates for a given individual, can inflict opportunity costs. Therefore, a balance exists between inbreeding and inbreeding avoidance. This balance determines whether inbreeding mechanisms develop and the specific nature of said mechanisms.Inbreeding results in inbreeding depression, which is the reduction of fitness of a given population due to inbreeding. Inbreeding depression occurs via one of two mechanisms. The first mechanism involves the appearance of disadvantageous traits via the pairing of deleterious recessive alleles in a mating pair’s progeny. When two related individuals mate, the probability of deleterious recessive alleles pairing in the resulting offspring is higher as compared to when non-related individuals mate. The second mechanism relates to the increased fitness of heterozygotes. Many studies have demonstrated that homozygous individuals are often disadvantaged with respect to heterozygous individuals. For example, a study conducted on a population of South African cheetahs demonstrated that the lack of genetic variability among individuals in the population has resulted in negative consequences for individuals, such as a greater rate of juvenile mortality and spermatozoal abnormalities. When heterozygotes possess a fitness advantage relative to a homozygote, a population with a large number of homozygotes will have a relatively reduced fitness, thus leading to inbreeding depression. Through these described mechanisms, the effects of inbreeding depression are often severe enough to cause the evolution of inbreeding avoidance mechanisms.