cw3cb_WK8_HW1 - East Penn School District
... 2. In general, when light passes from one medium to a second medium that has a higher index of refraction ( n2 > n1 ), does the light bend towards the normal or away from the normal? What happens when the second medium has a lower index of refraction than the first ( n2 < n1 )? 3. There is one parti ...
... 2. In general, when light passes from one medium to a second medium that has a higher index of refraction ( n2 > n1 ), does the light bend towards the normal or away from the normal? What happens when the second medium has a lower index of refraction than the first ( n2 < n1 )? 3. There is one parti ...
Interferometric lithography with an amplitude division interferometer and a desktop
... as compared with the wavefront division Lloyd’s mirror configuration. First, with the ADI it is possible to print larger areas due to its relaxed spatial coherence requirements. This represents an important advantage, in particular when the interferometer is used in combination with laser-pumped tab ...
... as compared with the wavefront division Lloyd’s mirror configuration. First, with the ADI it is possible to print larger areas due to its relaxed spatial coherence requirements. This represents an important advantage, in particular when the interferometer is used in combination with laser-pumped tab ...
Physics 6C - UCSB C.L.A.S.
... Example using the Formula Method: A concave makeup mirror with radius of curvature 0.5m is held 0.2m from a woman’s face. Where is her image and how large is it? Notice the 3 rays in the diagram. They all start at the object and go toward the mirror. Ray 1 through the center is easy to draw. So is ...
... Example using the Formula Method: A concave makeup mirror with radius of curvature 0.5m is held 0.2m from a woman’s face. Where is her image and how large is it? Notice the 3 rays in the diagram. They all start at the object and go toward the mirror. Ray 1 through the center is easy to draw. So is ...
Total Reflection
... The polarization dependent phase shift is long known and was used by Fresnel o design the Fresnel rhomb which allows to transform circular polarization to linear polarization and vice versa for a wide range of wavelengths (colors), in contrast to the quarter wave plate. The polarization dependen ...
... The polarization dependent phase shift is long known and was used by Fresnel o design the Fresnel rhomb which allows to transform circular polarization to linear polarization and vice versa for a wide range of wavelengths (colors), in contrast to the quarter wave plate. The polarization dependen ...
observing sunspots using a pinhole camera
... Rather than build a huge stone observatory pyramid, or other clumsy pinhole observing device, since long pinhole to screen distances were required, and my research budget was minimal, I decided to ‘cheat’. I decided to use a reflection pinhole. I acquired a first-surface mirror which would allow me ...
... Rather than build a huge stone observatory pyramid, or other clumsy pinhole observing device, since long pinhole to screen distances were required, and my research budget was minimal, I decided to ‘cheat’. I decided to use a reflection pinhole. I acquired a first-surface mirror which would allow me ...
Section 13.3 Telescopes and Microscopes
... visual telescope doesn’t create a real image behind its final lens. Instead, it creates a virtual image in front of its final lens. To understand a visual telescope, imagine removing the film or light sensor from a photographic telescope. With nothing to stop it, light continues past the real image ...
... visual telescope doesn’t create a real image behind its final lens. Instead, it creates a virtual image in front of its final lens. To understand a visual telescope, imagine removing the film or light sensor from a photographic telescope. With nothing to stop it, light continues past the real image ...
Technical Information on Optics
... and refracted unpolarized light striking a non-absorbing optical medium having a refractive index of n' at an angle of incidence α. In the process, the reflected ray at the angle of reflection becomes partially polarized. The Fresnel equation gives the intensities of these beams according to their p ...
... and refracted unpolarized light striking a non-absorbing optical medium having a refractive index of n' at an angle of incidence α. In the process, the reflected ray at the angle of reflection becomes partially polarized. The Fresnel equation gives the intensities of these beams according to their p ...
Low-coherence heterodyne photon correlation spectroscopy
... polystyrene spheres of 0.997 m mean diameter with a dispersion of less than 2%. This mean diameter was determined by the manufacturer using electron microscopy. Care was taken to avoid particle settling by addition of deuterium-oxide (DO) to the suspending fluid, making the polystyrene spheres neu ...
... polystyrene spheres of 0.997 m mean diameter with a dispersion of less than 2%. This mean diameter was determined by the manufacturer using electron microscopy. Care was taken to avoid particle settling by addition of deuterium-oxide (DO) to the suspending fluid, making the polystyrene spheres neu ...
Cloaking at Optical Frequencies - Cornell ECE
... Maxwell’s equations, several designs for such a device were created12-23. These designs are based on the idea of manipulating the structure of the cloaking medium so that the trajectory of light after interacting with the cloak is the same as that in an empty medium, without the cloak nor the object ...
... Maxwell’s equations, several designs for such a device were created12-23. These designs are based on the idea of manipulating the structure of the cloaking medium so that the trajectory of light after interacting with the cloak is the same as that in an empty medium, without the cloak nor the object ...
Imaging with complex ray-optical refractive
... Note that Eq (4) does not contain the angle θ between the light rays and the window normal. This means that it holds not only for light rays on one particular ray hyperboloid, but for all light rays that correspond to the point light sources at the complex object and image distances the window image ...
... Note that Eq (4) does not contain the angle θ between the light rays and the window normal. This means that it holds not only for light rays on one particular ray hyperboloid, but for all light rays that correspond to the point light sources at the complex object and image distances the window image ...
Visible Light, Wide-Angle Graded Metasurface for Back Reflection
... stemming directly from reciprocity,28,29 and it is not limited to our particular configuration. More specifically, if the surface is designed to back reflect with x% efficiency for the AOI θi, it ensures (100 − x)% coupling to the specular direction (θr = θi). Reciprocity then ensures that, when the dire ...
... stemming directly from reciprocity,28,29 and it is not limited to our particular configuration. More specifically, if the surface is designed to back reflect with x% efficiency for the AOI θi, it ensures (100 − x)% coupling to the specular direction (θr = θi). Reciprocity then ensures that, when the dire ...
Blind sectional image reconstruction for optical
... NA⬇ D / 共2f兲 = 0.025. Shown in Fig. 2 are the real and imaginary parts of the complex hologram recorded by the OSH system, where the object consists of two transparencies of the letters “S” and “H,” with “S” located at z0 and “H” at z0 + 2⌬z away from BS2. To recover the sections, the blind sectiona ...
... NA⬇ D / 共2f兲 = 0.025. Shown in Fig. 2 are the real and imaginary parts of the complex hologram recorded by the OSH system, where the object consists of two transparencies of the letters “S” and “H,” with “S” located at z0 and “H” at z0 + 2⌬z away from BS2. To recover the sections, the blind sectiona ...
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... functions introduce uncontrolled systematic errors into the images [41] . Additionally, the images are dramatically improved when the experimenter has knowledge of the approximate depth of the optical heterogeneity. Object depth determination is generally difficult unless one has other means to obta ...
... functions introduce uncontrolled systematic errors into the images [41] . Additionally, the images are dramatically improved when the experimenter has knowledge of the approximate depth of the optical heterogeneity. Object depth determination is generally difficult unless one has other means to obta ...
Photonic Devices II Purpose of the Lab
... resonance wavelength. As mentioned above, piezo-electric crystals can be controlled such that the resulting movement is comparable with the diameter of an atom! If you want to tune a filter then of course there are two alternative approaches. You can physically move the mirrors such that the size o ...
... resonance wavelength. As mentioned above, piezo-electric crystals can be controlled such that the resulting movement is comparable with the diameter of an atom! If you want to tune a filter then of course there are two alternative approaches. You can physically move the mirrors such that the size o ...
Laser radiation versus “ordinary light”
... powered from 5–500 mW. Lasers in this category can easily cause permanent eye damage from exposures of 1/100th of a second or less depending on the strength of the laser. A diffuse reflection is generally not hazardous but specularreflections can be just as dangerous as direct exposures. Protective ...
... powered from 5–500 mW. Lasers in this category can easily cause permanent eye damage from exposures of 1/100th of a second or less depending on the strength of the laser. A diffuse reflection is generally not hazardous but specularreflections can be just as dangerous as direct exposures. Protective ...
Diffraction
... through an aperture is found to be the spatial Fourier transform (FT) of the aperture function. For example, a rectangular aperture would give rise to a diffraction pattern that is a Sinc 2 (remember the intensity) function in both transverse directions. The width of the Sinc function (or diffractio ...
... through an aperture is found to be the spatial Fourier transform (FT) of the aperture function. For example, a rectangular aperture would give rise to a diffraction pattern that is a Sinc 2 (remember the intensity) function in both transverse directions. The width of the Sinc function (or diffractio ...
Variable Incidence Angle Fluorescence Interference Contrast
... increasingly sophisticated optical microscopes and imaging systems has spurred the development of significant new approaches for improving the spatial resolution beyond the diffraction limit (2). A few methods, most notably stimulated emission depletion microscopy (3), provide subhundred nanometer z ...
... increasingly sophisticated optical microscopes and imaging systems has spurred the development of significant new approaches for improving the spatial resolution beyond the diffraction limit (2). A few methods, most notably stimulated emission depletion microscopy (3), provide subhundred nanometer z ...
The image formed is
... and passes through the centre of the mirror, O. The principal focus, F is the point through which all rays travelling parallel to the principal axis before reflection pass through or appear to come from after reflection. The focal length, f is the distance from the centre of the mirror, O to the pri ...
... and passes through the centre of the mirror, O. The principal focus, F is the point through which all rays travelling parallel to the principal axis before reflection pass through or appear to come from after reflection. The focal length, f is the distance from the centre of the mirror, O to the pri ...
Optics - Jnoodle
... to the surface and therefore also the angle to the normal = the angle of incidence is 45 o. If the glass is made of a material with a critical angle of less than this (n = 1.5 will give the critical angle 42o), then the ray will be totally internally reflected towards another side where the same occ ...
... to the surface and therefore also the angle to the normal = the angle of incidence is 45 o. If the glass is made of a material with a critical angle of less than this (n = 1.5 will give the critical angle 42o), then the ray will be totally internally reflected towards another side where the same occ ...
pulsed laser atom probe characterization of silicon carbide
... required. No significant variations in performance were found as a function of laser wavelength but the full-width-at-half maximum mass resolution of 0.4 amu was inferior to voltage pulsed field evaporation of metals. In addition, the background noise level was considerably higher. Within the statis ...
... required. No significant variations in performance were found as a function of laser wavelength but the full-width-at-half maximum mass resolution of 0.4 amu was inferior to voltage pulsed field evaporation of metals. In addition, the background noise level was considerably higher. Within the statis ...
A Simple Classroom Demonstration of Natural Convection
... 1. Make the small filter, place it on the overhead projector surface, and project its image onto a wall. 2. Move the lens carriage to its uppermost (furthest) position relative to the surface. This maximizes distance dS and hence minimizes dS0 , according to Eq. 1. 3. Move the entire projector relat ...
... 1. Make the small filter, place it on the overhead projector surface, and project its image onto a wall. 2. Move the lens carriage to its uppermost (furthest) position relative to the surface. This maximizes distance dS and hence minimizes dS0 , according to Eq. 1. 3. Move the entire projector relat ...
Course name: BASICS OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND
... The first partial test consists of questions from Virology (40 questions – 40 minutes). The second partial test consists of questions from Bacteriology (60 questions – 60 minutes). The third partial test consists of questions from Mycology and Parasitology (30 questions – 30 minutes). The total perc ...
... The first partial test consists of questions from Virology (40 questions – 40 minutes). The second partial test consists of questions from Bacteriology (60 questions – 60 minutes). The third partial test consists of questions from Mycology and Parasitology (30 questions – 30 minutes). The total perc ...
t ln 2 ln Xt −ln X0 = t log 2 log Xt −log X0
... The generation time of many bacteria is usually several hours. However, under optimum conditions, E. coli has a generation time of about 20 minutes. Thus it can be calculated that a single E. coli cell will produce about a thousand progeny in 3.3 hours and over a million in 6.6 hours. If the generat ...
... The generation time of many bacteria is usually several hours. However, under optimum conditions, E. coli has a generation time of about 20 minutes. Thus it can be calculated that a single E. coli cell will produce about a thousand progeny in 3.3 hours and over a million in 6.6 hours. If the generat ...
Lecture 34 - UConn Physics
... Phasor Description of Diffraction Let’s define phase difference (b) between first and last ray (phasor) b = S (Db) = N Db ...
... Phasor Description of Diffraction Let’s define phase difference (b) between first and last ray (phasor) b = S (Db) = N Db ...
A twisted periscope arrangement for transporting elliptically
... state of light is affected during transport by the twisted periscope arrangement. We performed measurements using a pair of front surface coated aluminum mirrors and also a pair of polished silicon wafers. For the measurements, light from a tungsten lamp was dispersed by a 0.5 m focal length monochr ...
... state of light is affected during transport by the twisted periscope arrangement. We performed measurements using a pair of front surface coated aluminum mirrors and also a pair of polished silicon wafers. For the measurements, light from a tungsten lamp was dispersed by a 0.5 m focal length monochr ...
Microscopy
Microscopy is the technical field of using microscopes to view objects and areas of objects that cannot be seen with the naked eye (objects that are not within the resolution range of the normal eye). There are three well-known branches of microscopy: optical, electron, and scanning probe microscopy.Optical and electron microscopy involve the diffraction, reflection, or refraction of electromagnetic radiation/electron beams interacting with the specimen, and the collection of the scattered radiation or another signal in order to create an image. This process may be carried out by wide-field irradiation of the sample (for example standard light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy) or by scanning of a fine beam over the sample (for example confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy). Scanning probe microscopy involves the interaction of a scanning probe with the surface of the object of interest. The development of microscopy revolutionized biology and remains an essential technique in the life and physical sciences.