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Winddriven spreading of fresh surface water beneath ice shelves in
Winddriven spreading of fresh surface water beneath ice shelves in

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Technical Abstract of the First Global Integrated Marine Assessment

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... The tropes of Eden and wilderness are much more powerful, in the final analysis, than direct empirical experience or scientific knowledge of the ocean. Most of us arrive at our understanding of the ocean through its intersection with the human body through technology, which serves as an extension of ...
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... can swim (e.g., dinoflagellates). Silica dissolves more rapidly in warm water than cold water, so silica-shelled phytoplankton tend to prefer living in colder surface water. Calcium carbonate dissolves more rapidly in cold, carbon-dioxide-rich water (more acidic), so calcium-carbonateshelled phytopl ...
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... of polarity going back millions of years. When Earth’s magnetic field lines up in the same direction as the present magnetic field, it is said to have normal polarity. When the magnetic field lines up in the opposite direction, it is said to have reverse polarity. As certain rocks form, they acquire th ...
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chlorophyll concentration estimated from irradiance measurements

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Marine protected area network planning in the Western Arctic

... As expressed in the UNEP statement above, scale is of critical importance to application and results of the classification system. The goal is that the system delineate a number of ecological units (here referred to as eco-units) of value to the intent of this scale of product – meaning a system th ...
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... The strong Arctic sea ice loss has already created additional surface warming through positive feedbacks as well as increased UV radiation penetrating into the upper ocean. A consequence of this surface warming is an increased energy flux from the ocean to the atmosphere. Furthermore increased preci ...
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Arctic Ocean



The Arctic Ocean (also known as the Northern Ocean), located in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Arctic north polar region, is the smallest and shallowest of the world's five major oceanic divisions. The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) recognizes it as an ocean, although some oceanographers call it the Arctic Mediterranean Sea or simply the Arctic Sea, classifying it a mediterranean sea or an estuary of the Atlantic Ocean. Alternatively, the Arctic Ocean can be seen as the northernmost part of the all-encompassing World Ocean.Almost completely surrounded by Eurasia and North America, the Arctic Ocean is partly covered by sea ice throughout the year (and almost completely in winter). The Arctic Ocean's surface temperature and salinity vary seasonally as the ice cover melts and freezes; its salinity is the lowest on average of the five major oceans, due to low evaporation, heavy fresh water inflow from rivers and streams, and limited connection and outflow to surrounding oceanic waters with higher salinities. The summer shrinking of the ice has been quoted at 50%. The US National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) uses satellite data to provide a daily record of Arctic sea ice cover and the rate of melting compared to an average period and specific past years.
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