do physics online from quanta to quarks radioactivity
... All radioactive emissions are extremely dangerous to living organisms. When alpha, beta or gamma radioactive emissions hit living cells they cause ionize atoms. They can kill cells directly or cause genetic damage to the DNA molecules. High radiation doses will cause burn effects as well as kill the ...
... All radioactive emissions are extremely dangerous to living organisms. When alpha, beta or gamma radioactive emissions hit living cells they cause ionize atoms. They can kill cells directly or cause genetic damage to the DNA molecules. High radiation doses will cause burn effects as well as kill the ...
Document
... The time taken for a substance or collection of particles to decay by half of its original amount. Half-life, denoted T½, is a useful concept by which to express the rate of radioactive decay. After one half-life, half of the original number of atoms of a radioactive element will remain. After two h ...
... The time taken for a substance or collection of particles to decay by half of its original amount. Half-life, denoted T½, is a useful concept by which to express the rate of radioactive decay. After one half-life, half of the original number of atoms of a radioactive element will remain. After two h ...
1 Applications of Nuclear Physics A.C. Hayes Theoretical Division
... relation to cancer. Within five years of its discovery, radium was being used for cancerous skin conditions [4]. On another front, Rutherford [5] and Boltwood [6] realized that, because t ...
... relation to cancer. Within five years of its discovery, radium was being used for cancerous skin conditions [4]. On another front, Rutherford [5] and Boltwood [6] realized that, because t ...
mass number - Knittig Science
... the rest mass of a nucleus and the sum of the rest masses of its constituent nucleons. The whole is less than the sum of the parts! Consider the carbon-12 atom (12.00000 u): Nuclear mass = Mass of atom – Electron masses ...
... the rest mass of a nucleus and the sum of the rest masses of its constituent nucleons. The whole is less than the sum of the parts! Consider the carbon-12 atom (12.00000 u): Nuclear mass = Mass of atom – Electron masses ...
Chemistry Lecture No.4______By : Asst. Lect. Tariq-H-AL
... Gamma radiation is not a particle, but a form of energy similar to light waves, radio waves, or x-rays. This radiation has high energy and can penetrate deep within the body and cause serious damage. Gamma radiation usually occurs along with alpha and beta radiation. Two less common but still import ...
... Gamma radiation is not a particle, but a form of energy similar to light waves, radio waves, or x-rays. This radiation has high energy and can penetrate deep within the body and cause serious damage. Gamma radiation usually occurs along with alpha and beta radiation. Two less common but still import ...
Atomic Origins: Chapter Problems Big Bang Class Work 1. How old
... charged particles. Anode rays behave oppositely. Cathode rays were in fact electrons, anode rays – protons. The deflection was used to determine the charge/mass ratio for these particles. b. Millikan used x-rays to knock electrons off air molecules and onto oil drops. He found that the charge on the ...
... charged particles. Anode rays behave oppositely. Cathode rays were in fact electrons, anode rays – protons. The deflection was used to determine the charge/mass ratio for these particles. b. Millikan used x-rays to knock electrons off air molecules and onto oil drops. He found that the charge on the ...
Atomic Origins: Chapter Problems Big Bang Class Work How old is
... charged particles. Anode rays behave oppositely. Cathode rays were in fact electrons, anode rays – protons. The deflection was used to determine the charge/mass ratio for these particles. b. Millikan used x-rays to knock electrons off air molecules and onto oil drops. He found that the charge on the ...
... charged particles. Anode rays behave oppositely. Cathode rays were in fact electrons, anode rays – protons. The deflection was used to determine the charge/mass ratio for these particles. b. Millikan used x-rays to knock electrons off air molecules and onto oil drops. He found that the charge on the ...
View - Rutgers Physics
... The effects I have just described are consequences of a liquid-drop model for the nucleus, in which we treat the nucleus much as we would a drop of water, with a cohesive force and a surface tension. There is, however, one further term we need to consider in our understanding of the binding energy, ...
... The effects I have just described are consequences of a liquid-drop model for the nucleus, in which we treat the nucleus much as we would a drop of water, with a cohesive force and a surface tension. There is, however, one further term we need to consider in our understanding of the binding energy, ...
Nuclear and Thermal Physics
... radiation absorbed more will be absorbed by bones than soft tissue. -rays will cause ionization within the body, potentially causing damage to DNA molecules. This may result in cancer. As a general rule materials will not become radioactive on exposure to radiation. The dose absorbed by a medium is ...
... radiation absorbed more will be absorbed by bones than soft tissue. -rays will cause ionization within the body, potentially causing damage to DNA molecules. This may result in cancer. As a general rule materials will not become radioactive on exposure to radiation. The dose absorbed by a medium is ...
Physics 3 - Westmount High School
... This physicist was trained to be a nuclear physicist. S/he worked on the Manhattan Project during WWII, the secret project that built the first atomic bombs. One of the uranium isotopes (Uranium235, which has a mass of 235 atomic mass units) is a useful chemical element to split into lighter element ...
... This physicist was trained to be a nuclear physicist. S/he worked on the Manhattan Project during WWII, the secret project that built the first atomic bombs. One of the uranium isotopes (Uranium235, which has a mass of 235 atomic mass units) is a useful chemical element to split into lighter element ...
Principles of Technology
... to yield 8.79 mega-electron volt per nucleon. In general, the larger the binding energy per nucleon, the more stable is the nucleus. The graph below illustrates how the binding energy per nucleon varies with the number of nucleons in a nucleus. The nuclei with 50-100 have larger binding energy value ...
... to yield 8.79 mega-electron volt per nucleon. In general, the larger the binding energy per nucleon, the more stable is the nucleus. The graph below illustrates how the binding energy per nucleon varies with the number of nucleons in a nucleus. The nuclei with 50-100 have larger binding energy value ...
Atomic Number - Physical Science
... • In order for a chain reaction to occur, a critical mass of material that can undergo fission must be present • Critical mass: the amount of material required so that each fission reaction produces approximately one more fission reaction • If less than the critical mass of material is present, a ch ...
... • In order for a chain reaction to occur, a critical mass of material that can undergo fission must be present • Critical mass: the amount of material required so that each fission reaction produces approximately one more fission reaction • If less than the critical mass of material is present, a ch ...
Radiation_What Is It
... of the proton rich atom. This positive electron is known as a positron. An additional particle, a neutrino, is also emitted from the nucleus. Neutrinos are very small particles with no electric charge. They have little or no mass and participate in weak interactions. ...
... of the proton rich atom. This positive electron is known as a positron. An additional particle, a neutrino, is also emitted from the nucleus. Neutrinos are very small particles with no electric charge. They have little or no mass and participate in weak interactions. ...
Isotopes of an atom have the same number of protons, but a different
... different number of neutrons. They exhibit the same chemical properties. Examples : A carbon atom: It has 6 protons and 6 neutrons we call it ʺcarbon-12“ 126C because it has an atomic mass of 12. One useful isotope of carbon is ʺcarbon-14“, 146C which has 6 protons and 8 neutrons. Another example is ...
... different number of neutrons. They exhibit the same chemical properties. Examples : A carbon atom: It has 6 protons and 6 neutrons we call it ʺcarbon-12“ 126C because it has an atomic mass of 12. One useful isotope of carbon is ʺcarbon-14“, 146C which has 6 protons and 8 neutrons. Another example is ...
Chapter39
... A nucleon is a general term to denote a nuclear particle - that is, either a proton or a neutron. The atomic number Z of an element is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus of that element. The mass number A of an element is equal to the total number of nucleons (protons + neutrons). The mas ...
... A nucleon is a general term to denote a nuclear particle - that is, either a proton or a neutron. The atomic number Z of an element is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus of that element. The mass number A of an element is equal to the total number of nucleons (protons + neutrons). The mas ...
Section 19.1 Radioactivity
... number of protons and neutrons • isotopes – atoms with identical atomic numbers but different mass numbers • nuclide – each unique atom ...
... number of protons and neutrons • isotopes – atoms with identical atomic numbers but different mass numbers • nuclide – each unique atom ...
Unit 2: The Atom
... Beta Decay •Beta decay is how elements who have too many neutrons try to become stable (on top of the band) •Beta reactions will always have ß or e- on the right side! ...
... Beta Decay •Beta decay is how elements who have too many neutrons try to become stable (on top of the band) •Beta reactions will always have ß or e- on the right side! ...
Isotopes of an atom have the same number of protons, but a different
... different number of neutrons. They exhibit the same chemical properties. Examples : A carbon atom: It has 6 protons and 6 neutrons we call it ʺcarbon-12“ 126C because it has an atomic mass of 12. One useful isotope of carbon is ʺcarbon-14“, 146C which has 6 protons and 8 neutrons. Another example is ...
... different number of neutrons. They exhibit the same chemical properties. Examples : A carbon atom: It has 6 protons and 6 neutrons we call it ʺcarbon-12“ 126C because it has an atomic mass of 12. One useful isotope of carbon is ʺcarbon-14“, 146C which has 6 protons and 8 neutrons. Another example is ...
Worksheet - Rudds Classroom
... 18. A uranium atom can have an atomic mass of 235 or 238. Each atom is, therefore, a. a different isotope c. a different element b. negatively charged d. stable 19. Atoms that emit particles and energy from their nuclei are called a. contaminated b. stable c. heavy d. radioactive. 20. The electromag ...
... 18. A uranium atom can have an atomic mass of 235 or 238. Each atom is, therefore, a. a different isotope c. a different element b. negatively charged d. stable 19. Atoms that emit particles and energy from their nuclei are called a. contaminated b. stable c. heavy d. radioactive. 20. The electromag ...
Nuclear Physics
... A nucleon is a general term to denote a nuclear particle - that is, either a proton or a neutron. The atomic number Z of an element is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus of that element. The mass number A of an element is equal to the total number of nucleons (protons + neutrons). The mas ...
... A nucleon is a general term to denote a nuclear particle - that is, either a proton or a neutron. The atomic number Z of an element is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus of that element. The mass number A of an element is equal to the total number of nucleons (protons + neutrons). The mas ...
Chapter 9 Nuclear Radiation
... speed of light, 3.0 108 m/s. Using this equation, a small amount of mass is multiplied by the speed of light squared, resulting in a large amount of energy. Fission of 1 g U-235 produces same energy as 3 tons of coal. ...
... speed of light, 3.0 108 m/s. Using this equation, a small amount of mass is multiplied by the speed of light squared, resulting in a large amount of energy. Fission of 1 g U-235 produces same energy as 3 tons of coal. ...
31.1 Nuclear Structure
... These are called, respectively alpha (α) rays, beta (β) rays, and gamma(γ) rays. A magnetic field can separate these three types of particles emitted by radioactive nuclei. ...
... These are called, respectively alpha (α) rays, beta (β) rays, and gamma(γ) rays. A magnetic field can separate these three types of particles emitted by radioactive nuclei. ...
PHY303 1 TURN OVER PHY303 Data Provided: A formula sheet
... conservation taking account the recoil of the 64Ni nucleus. ...
... conservation taking account the recoil of the 64Ni nucleus. ...
Chapter 11 The Nucleus
... Split uranium-235 into two lighter nuclei; the difference in binding energy between uranium238 and the lighter nuclei is about 0.8 MeV per nucleon. Multiply this by the total number of nucleons involved, 235, and you get 188 MeV released in the fission. This is a huge amount of energy. Here's a fusi ...
... Split uranium-235 into two lighter nuclei; the difference in binding energy between uranium238 and the lighter nuclei is about 0.8 MeV per nucleon. Multiply this by the total number of nucleons involved, 235, and you get 188 MeV released in the fission. This is a huge amount of energy. Here's a fusi ...
05 shell model
... If we apply a magnetic field in the z-direction to a nucleus then the unpaired proton with orbital angular momentum l, spin s and total angular momentum j will give a contribution to the z− component of the magnetic moment ...
... If we apply a magnetic field in the z-direction to a nucleus then the unpaired proton with orbital angular momentum l, spin s and total angular momentum j will give a contribution to the z− component of the magnetic moment ...
Nuclear fission
In nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry, nuclear fission is either a nuclear reaction or a radioactive decay process in which the nucleus of an atom splits into smaller parts (lighter nuclei). The fission process often produces free neutrons and photons (in the form of gamma rays), and releases a very large amount of energy even by the energetic standards of radioactive decay.Nuclear fission of heavy elements was discovered on December 17, 1938 by German Otto Hahn and his assistant Fritz Strassmann, and explained theoretically in January 1939 by Lise Meitner and her nephew Otto Robert Frisch. Frisch named the process by analogy with biological fission of living cells. It is an exothermic reaction which can release large amounts of energy both as electromagnetic radiation and as kinetic energy of the fragments (heating the bulk material where fission takes place). In order for fission to produce energy, the total binding energy of the resulting elements must be less negative (higher energy) than that of the starting element.Fission is a form of nuclear transmutation because the resulting fragments are not the same element as the original atom. The two nuclei produced are most often of comparable but slightly different sizes, typically with a mass ratio of products of about 3 to 2, for common fissile isotopes. Most fissions are binary fissions (producing two charged fragments), but occasionally (2 to 4 times per 1000 events), three positively charged fragments are produced, in a ternary fission. The smallest of these fragments in ternary processes ranges in size from a proton to an argon nucleus.Apart from fission induced by a neutron, harnessed and exploited by humans, a natural form of spontaneous radioactive decay (not requiring a neutron) is also referred to as fission, and occurs especially in very high-mass-number isotopes. Spontaneous fission was discovered in 1940 by Flyorov, Petrzhak and Kurchatov in Moscow, when they decided to confirm that, without bombardment by neutrons, the fission rate of uranium was indeed negligible, as predicted by Niels Bohr; it wasn't.The unpredictable composition of the products (which vary in a broad probabilistic and somewhat chaotic manner) distinguishes fission from purely quantum-tunnelling processes such as proton emission, alpha decay and cluster decay, which give the same products each time. Nuclear fission produces energy for nuclear power and drives the explosion of nuclear weapons. Both uses are possible because certain substances called nuclear fuels undergo fission when struck by fission neutrons, and in turn emit neutrons when they break apart. This makes possible a self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction that releases energy at a controlled rate in a nuclear reactor or at a very rapid uncontrolled rate in a nuclear weapon.The amount of free energy contained in nuclear fuel is millions of times the amount of free energy contained in a similar mass of chemical fuel such as gasoline, making nuclear fission a very dense source of energy. The products of nuclear fission, however, are on average far more radioactive than the heavy elements which are normally fissioned as fuel, and remain so for significant amounts of time, giving rise to a nuclear waste problem. Concerns over nuclear waste accumulation and over the destructive potential of nuclear weapons may counterbalance the desirable qualities of fission as an energy source, and give rise to ongoing political debate over nuclear power.