Beyond the classical receptive field: The effect of contextual stimuli
... Our perception relies on the interaction between proximal and distant points in visual space, requiring short- and long-range neural connections among neurons responding to different regions within the retinotopic map. Evidently, the classical center-surround RF can only accommodate short-range inte ...
... Our perception relies on the interaction between proximal and distant points in visual space, requiring short- and long-range neural connections among neurons responding to different regions within the retinotopic map. Evidently, the classical center-surround RF can only accommodate short-range inte ...
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... humans (19) and has been found to be associated with auditory attention (1, 20, 41) resulting in top-down modulation of auditory processing (25). This finding was further confirmed by electrophysiological data indicating that tinnitus might occur as the result of a dysfunction in the top-down inhibito ...
... humans (19) and has been found to be associated with auditory attention (1, 20, 41) resulting in top-down modulation of auditory processing (25). This finding was further confirmed by electrophysiological data indicating that tinnitus might occur as the result of a dysfunction in the top-down inhibito ...
THE CINGULATE CORTEX AND HUMAN MEMORY PROCESSES
... Published works about the functional role of the retrosplenial cingulate cortex are even less common than those of the posterior cingulate cortex. It is known that damage to this brain region causes serious anterograde amnesia (Kim et al., 2007; Oka et al., 2003). Other studies show that the retrosp ...
... Published works about the functional role of the retrosplenial cingulate cortex are even less common than those of the posterior cingulate cortex. It is known that damage to this brain region causes serious anterograde amnesia (Kim et al., 2007; Oka et al., 2003). Other studies show that the retrosp ...
Impact of early-life stress on the medial prefrontal cortex functions
... ELS-induced alterations in the developmental trajectory of the mPFC and emergence of early-onset mental disorders As previously mentioned, the mPFC is characterized by a prolonged maturation time and is one of the last brain structures to develop [10]. Within its developmental trajectory, adolescenc ...
... ELS-induced alterations in the developmental trajectory of the mPFC and emergence of early-onset mental disorders As previously mentioned, the mPFC is characterized by a prolonged maturation time and is one of the last brain structures to develop [10]. Within its developmental trajectory, adolescenc ...
Cross-Modal Transfer of Information between the Tactile
... The psychophysical testing showed that there is a linear relationship between presented and chosen stimulus, regardless of the modalities, as shown by the linear regression curves. The direction of cross-modal information transfer (i.e., tactile to visual vs visual to tactile) had no influence on th ...
... The psychophysical testing showed that there is a linear relationship between presented and chosen stimulus, regardless of the modalities, as shown by the linear regression curves. The direction of cross-modal information transfer (i.e., tactile to visual vs visual to tactile) had no influence on th ...
Goal-direction and top-down control
... each form of learning, the brain must balance the pressure to learn as quickly as possible with the benefits of gradual learning. One obvious solution is that both mechanisms are used by the brain, perhaps in complementary neural systems. O’Reilly and co-workers [4] have suggested exactly this type ...
... each form of learning, the brain must balance the pressure to learn as quickly as possible with the benefits of gradual learning. One obvious solution is that both mechanisms are used by the brain, perhaps in complementary neural systems. O’Reilly and co-workers [4] have suggested exactly this type ...
Computing auditory perception - Machine Learning Group, TU Berlin
... We can also take a top-down approach. We can observe human performance of auditory activity taken as a whole, by means of psychological experiments. Experiments give rise to hypotheses about underlying cognitive principles that can be manifested by statistical inference. The principles discovered ca ...
... We can also take a top-down approach. We can observe human performance of auditory activity taken as a whole, by means of psychological experiments. Experiments give rise to hypotheses about underlying cognitive principles that can be manifested by statistical inference. The principles discovered ca ...
Perception of Motion, Depth, and Form
... a random assortment of equally connected areas.There is substantial evidence for two major processing pathways, a dorsal one to the posterior parietal cortex and a ventral one to the inferior temporal cortex, but other pathways may also exist. Second, there is strong evidence that the processingin t ...
... a random assortment of equally connected areas.There is substantial evidence for two major processing pathways, a dorsal one to the posterior parietal cortex and a ventral one to the inferior temporal cortex, but other pathways may also exist. Second, there is strong evidence that the processingin t ...
Whisker sensory system – From receptor to decision
... furniture, yet they did not recognize by vision previously familiar objects. By the late 20th century, behavioral methods had become more precise and quantitative. We take the ideas expressed by Whitfield (1979) as a conceptual framework. After analyzing the behavioral effects of lesions in the audit ...
... furniture, yet they did not recognize by vision previously familiar objects. By the late 20th century, behavioral methods had become more precise and quantitative. We take the ideas expressed by Whitfield (1979) as a conceptual framework. After analyzing the behavioral effects of lesions in the audit ...
Kandel chs. 17, 18 - Weizmann Institute of Science
... senses: sight, sound, smell, taste, touch, pain, and the sensation of body movements. Perception begins with receptor cells at the periphery that are sensitive to ...
... senses: sight, sound, smell, taste, touch, pain, and the sensation of body movements. Perception begins with receptor cells at the periphery that are sensitive to ...
the Central Nervous System
... A. Different areas of the cerebral cortex: 1. Communicate with each other 2. Communicate with the brain stem and spinal cord 3. Consists of tracts carrying information from point A to point B B. Commisures - communication between cerebral hemispheres 1. corpus callosum – connects left and right hemi ...
... A. Different areas of the cerebral cortex: 1. Communicate with each other 2. Communicate with the brain stem and spinal cord 3. Consists of tracts carrying information from point A to point B B. Commisures - communication between cerebral hemispheres 1. corpus callosum – connects left and right hemi ...
Listening to Narrative Speech after Aphasic
... temporal pole, left greater than right. Thus, the ability in this study to follow cortical responses over time gave clear evidence of a posterior--anterior response along the temporal lobe during the processing of words for meaning. There was additional activity in the left inferior frontal gyrus an ...
... temporal pole, left greater than right. Thus, the ability in this study to follow cortical responses over time gave clear evidence of a posterior--anterior response along the temporal lobe during the processing of words for meaning. There was additional activity in the left inferior frontal gyrus an ...
Edward Jones
... discipline of giving accurate verbal descriptions of the bones and other body parts was a challenge that I enjoyed meeting. For me, the clinical years were less interesting than the preclinical, I think, in large part because there were far too many students for the limited number of patients, Duned ...
... discipline of giving accurate verbal descriptions of the bones and other body parts was a challenge that I enjoyed meeting. For me, the clinical years were less interesting than the preclinical, I think, in large part because there were far too many students for the limited number of patients, Duned ...
The neural basis of the speed–accuracy tradeoff - Eric
... processing stage does SAT affect? (ii) does speed emphasis cause an increase in baseline activity or a decrease in response threshold? and (iii) how is SAT controlled in the cortico–basal ganglia circuit? Before we can adequately address these questions, however, we first need to review briefly the ...
... processing stage does SAT affect? (ii) does speed emphasis cause an increase in baseline activity or a decrease in response threshold? and (iii) how is SAT controlled in the cortico–basal ganglia circuit? Before we can adequately address these questions, however, we first need to review briefly the ...
Aging reduces total neuron number in the dorsal component of the
... slides were then dehydrated through increasing concentrations of ethanol, cleared with Citrisolv, and coverslipped under Permount. For immunohistochemistry, we used a mouse monoclonal antibody against GAD67 (MAB5406, clone 1G10.2; lot #LV1721349; Millipore, Bedford, MA). This antibody was raised aga ...
... slides were then dehydrated through increasing concentrations of ethanol, cleared with Citrisolv, and coverslipped under Permount. For immunohistochemistry, we used a mouse monoclonal antibody against GAD67 (MAB5406, clone 1G10.2; lot #LV1721349; Millipore, Bedford, MA). This antibody was raised aga ...
formalin perfusion for correlative light- and
... at or near room temperature but in some cases was at 10-15 °C. I*1 t n e rats > anaesthetized with open ether, the perfusate was delivered by a 20 ml syringe and no. 1 needle via the left ventricle, the descending aorta being clamped and right atrium cut. About 20 ml were delivered over 2-3 min with ...
... at or near room temperature but in some cases was at 10-15 °C. I*1 t n e rats > anaesthetized with open ether, the perfusate was delivered by a 20 ml syringe and no. 1 needle via the left ventricle, the descending aorta being clamped and right atrium cut. About 20 ml were delivered over 2-3 min with ...
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... In the auditory system, receptive fields are described by tuning curves that quantify neural selectivity for tones over a limited range of frequency and intensity. Several investigators have demonstrated that these receptive fields can be altered by learning (Recanzone 2000; Scheich et al. 1997; Weinb ...
... In the auditory system, receptive fields are described by tuning curves that quantify neural selectivity for tones over a limited range of frequency and intensity. Several investigators have demonstrated that these receptive fields can be altered by learning (Recanzone 2000; Scheich et al. 1997; Weinb ...
A Self-Organizing Neural Network for Contour Integration through Synchronized Firing
... Whether contour integration occurs or not in the model depends on whether the cortical areas are connected with excitatory lateral connections or not. The model therefore suggests an explanation for the different contour integration capability of the different visual areas: integration is possible o ...
... Whether contour integration occurs or not in the model depends on whether the cortical areas are connected with excitatory lateral connections or not. The model therefore suggests an explanation for the different contour integration capability of the different visual areas: integration is possible o ...
Artificial Neural Networks-A Study
... neural network, working of neural networks, characteristics of ANN, its advantages, limitations and applications of ANN. There are various advantages of ANN over conventional approaches. Depending on the nature of the application and strength of the internal data patterns you can generally expect a ...
... neural network, working of neural networks, characteristics of ANN, its advantages, limitations and applications of ANN. There are various advantages of ANN over conventional approaches. Depending on the nature of the application and strength of the internal data patterns you can generally expect a ...
Rebuilding Brain Circuitry with Living Micro
... considerably different in that it involves generating the final cytoarchitecture of the micro-TENN in vitro and transplanting it en masse.19,38–44 The general geometry of these micro-TENNs recapitulates the anatomy of long axonal tracts, and thus may serve as an effective substrate for targeted neur ...
... considerably different in that it involves generating the final cytoarchitecture of the micro-TENN in vitro and transplanting it en masse.19,38–44 The general geometry of these micro-TENNs recapitulates the anatomy of long axonal tracts, and thus may serve as an effective substrate for targeted neur ...
LEAP - Life Enrichment Center
... dyslexia) was similar in form to acquired dyslexia, which is dyslexia due to brain damage after a person has already learned to read. Deficits in other types of learning, such as mathematics, would also result from some other underlying brain damage or abnormality.3 Work in the early part of the twe ...
... dyslexia) was similar in form to acquired dyslexia, which is dyslexia due to brain damage after a person has already learned to read. Deficits in other types of learning, such as mathematics, would also result from some other underlying brain damage or abnormality.3 Work in the early part of the twe ...
Visual adaptation: Neural, psychological and computational aspects
... & Victor, 1978; Smirnakis, Berry, Warland, Bialek, & Meister, 1997), and similar functional effects have subsequently been observed in the thalamus and cortex. Given that sensory neurons are capable of diverse forms of adaptation, it is intriguing to hypothesize that neurons can adapt, at least parti ...
... & Victor, 1978; Smirnakis, Berry, Warland, Bialek, & Meister, 1997), and similar functional effects have subsequently been observed in the thalamus and cortex. Given that sensory neurons are capable of diverse forms of adaptation, it is intriguing to hypothesize that neurons can adapt, at least parti ...
A Brain Adaptation View of Plasticity: Is Synaptic Plasticity An Overly
... wild animals have for years confirmed that feral animal brains are larger than those of domestically reared animals (old german and other literature). Nevertheless, studying different degrees of environmental complexity can provide information about brain responses that are likely to generalize to h ...
... wild animals have for years confirmed that feral animal brains are larger than those of domestically reared animals (old german and other literature). Nevertheless, studying different degrees of environmental complexity can provide information about brain responses that are likely to generalize to h ...
Information processing in a neuron ensemble with the multiplicative
... approximation, reports in the literature indicate some more details, particularly in relation to the term kij : One study (Zohary et al., 1994) suggested that the correlation between neurons, whose preferred stimuli are similar, is significantly higher than that between unsimilar neurons, while anot ...
... approximation, reports in the literature indicate some more details, particularly in relation to the term kij : One study (Zohary et al., 1994) suggested that the correlation between neurons, whose preferred stimuli are similar, is significantly higher than that between unsimilar neurons, while anot ...
Brain and Behavior
... One-Minute Motivator 2.1: Firing of the Neuron To conceptualize the firing of the neuron, students often need analogies to concrete objects. Possible analogies include: a radio, a telephone, a fax machine, a stereo system, the process of sending mail, etc. The analogy must be developed carefully: It ...
... One-Minute Motivator 2.1: Firing of the Neuron To conceptualize the firing of the neuron, students often need analogies to concrete objects. Possible analogies include: a radio, a telephone, a fax machine, a stereo system, the process of sending mail, etc. The analogy must be developed carefully: It ...
Cortical cooling
Neuroscientists generate various studies to help explain many of the complex connections and functions of the brain. Most studies utilize animal models that have varying degrees of comparison to the human brain; for example, small rodents are less comparable than non-human primates. One of the most definitive ways of determining which sections of the brain contribute to certain behavior or function is to deactivate a section of the brain and observe what behavior is altered. Investigators have a wide range of options for deactivating neural tissue, and one of the more recently developed methods being used is deactivation through cooling. Cortical cooling refers to the cooling methods restricted to the cerebral cortex, where most higher brain processes occur. Below is a list of current cooling methods, their advantages and limitations, and some studies that have used cooling to elucidate neural functions.