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banana - Department of Agriculture
banana - Department of Agriculture

... Regardless of variety, the maturity of banana can be distinguished when the last leaf turns yellow. The angle formation of the fingers also determines ripeness. The rounded the angle of the fingers, the more mature they are. Saba is harvested 15 to 16 months after planting; Lakatan, 14 to 15 months; ...
Chapter 29 and 30 ppt
Chapter 29 and 30 ppt

... Sporangia = called “sori” in ferns; produces (N) spores by meiosis ...
Chapter 4
Chapter 4

... shoot system with branches and leaves. ...
Fungal succession on senescent leaves of
Fungal succession on senescent leaves of

... more slowly, thus providing substrata over a longer period allowing the development of more fungal species. Other factors (e.g. pH, lignocellulose content) may also account for the higher species diversity. The highest fungal diversity occurred between day 4 and 40 with the most species being presen ...
The Beginner`s Guide to Burns Bog Flora
The Beginner`s Guide to Burns Bog Flora

... Salal is the quintessential Pacific Northwest shrub. In Burns Bog, it’s especially successful along the first section of the outer boardwalk, though it can be found throughout the Delta Nature Reserve. Most salal bushes are less than a metre tall, but the plants can grow to chest height or higher. I ...
Amethyst Astilbe
Amethyst Astilbe

... active growth for the season. It is a good choice for attracting butterflies to your yard, but is not particularly attractive to deer who tend to leave it alone in favor of tastier treats. It has no significant ...
PDF view - Woody Plants Database
PDF view - Woody Plants Database

... Cultivar Information There are several cultivars available for this species. Many varieties are unavailable outside of the United Kingdom/Europe. * See specific cultivar notes on next page. Ornamental Characteristics ...
Alternative Photosynthesis
Alternative Photosynthesis

... leaves from overheating and denaturing enzymes required for photosynthesis. When a molecule of water is lost from a stoma, it creates a transpiration pull that moves water, minerals and other substances from the roots to leaves where ...
lecture presentations
lecture presentations

... potential to form a lateral shoot, or branch • An apical bud, or terminal bud, is located near the shoot tip and causes elongation of a young shoot ...
63272-sbt-102-plant-morphology-and-anatomy
63272-sbt-102-plant-morphology-and-anatomy

...  Spines and thorns In the cactuses the leaves have become modified into thorns or spines. This is an adaptation for the reduction of the rate of transpiration.  Water storage leaves Certain plants growing in the arid and semi-arid areas, such as the Aloe have thick leaves containing mucilaginous c ...
Insect Defoliators of Ornamental Trees and Shrubs
Insect Defoliators of Ornamental Trees and Shrubs

... Leaf feeding by insects on ornamental plants is common. This feeding damage is usually superficial and hardly noticeable. In such cases, control is not necessary. Beneficial predators, parasitoids, pathogens and unfavorable weather are all factors that help to regulate insect defoliator populations. ...
Biology 2 – Study Guide # 2
Biology 2 – Study Guide # 2

... Know the three different tissue systems and their components (ground, vascular, epidermis)? Know the types of cells and tissues that make up each one (parenchyma, sclerenchyma, sclerids, fibers, collenchyma, xylem, tracheids, vessel elements, phloem, sieve tube members, companion cells, pith). Know ...
Identifying Pasture Weeds
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... Identification: Its leaves are lobed but vary widely in shape even among plants growing together. It has a central stem (15-50 cm tall) carrying small white flowers and buds that are heartshaped. Characteristics: It is controlled in pasture by grazing and not letting it seed. The seed is viable for ...
Quercus acutissima Botanical Name: Quercus acutissima Common
Quercus acutissima Botanical Name: Quercus acutissima Common

... The leaves are 8–20 cm long and 3–6 cm wide, with 14-20 small saw-teeth like triangular lobes on each side, with the teeth of very regular shape.The flowers are wind-pollinated catkins. The fruit is an acorn, maturing about 18 months after pollination, 2–3 cm long and 2 cm broad, bicoloured with an ...
Silphium laciniatum - Michigan Natural Features Inventory
Silphium laciniatum - Michigan Natural Features Inventory

... Development of compass orientation may result from the stimulation of photosensitive cells on the surfaces of the leaf or petiole that respond to morning sunlight (Zhang et al. 1991). Sessile leaves or leaves with short petioles are oriented at random, indicating the importance of petiole torsion in ...
Arisaema triphyllum
Arisaema triphyllum

... Height: Its height is 6-36 inches. Stem: Its stem is single, erect, green, and branchless. Leaves: Its leaves are opposite with 1-2 leaves and are each palmately compound with 3-5 leaflets. The size of the plant determines the number of leaves, with the larger plants having 2 leaves. Each leaflet is ...
tulum (Indian species long lobes) closely related, long - UvA-DARE
tulum (Indian species long lobes) closely related, long - UvA-DARE

... terminal than in ...
Whitespire Senior Birch
Whitespire Senior Birch

... Whitespire Senior Birch is a deciduous tree with a distinctive and refined pyramidal form. Its average texture blends into the landscape, but can be balanced by one or two finer or coarser trees or shrubs for an effective composition. This is a relatively low maintenance tree, and should only be pru ...
Key to Herbaceous Dicots
Key to Herbaceous Dicots

... size and shape;flowersin terminal branchingclusters;corolla with five narrow pale blue lobes and a yellow eye; fruit a pair of narrow pods (follicles). APOCYNACEAE (Amsonia) 18b. Leaves linear to elliptic or ovate, entire or toothed, not all the samesize and shape:either lowermost leaves much larger ...
Evolution of developmental mechanisms in plants
Evolution of developmental mechanisms in plants

... rhizoids provide conduits for water and nutrient transport, only the subterranean rhizomes enhance mechanical support. By contrast, true roots provide both transport capability and mechanical support. By definition they are multi-cellular, have a defined endodermis (with the exception of extant Lyco ...
PARTS oF A PLANT - The Campus Kitchens Project
PARTS oF A PLANT - The Campus Kitchens Project

... Bridge. Ask students about some of their favorite foods from the different food groups, making lists if possible. Choose a few plant foods from different groups and ask what part of the plant we’re eating when we eat those foods. If students have suggested animal foods, ask what animal those foods c ...
Weed Identification Guide - Herbi
Weed Identification Guide - Herbi

... Timing: When identifying either monocot (grassy) weeds or dicot (broadleaf) weeds, studying a mature or flowering sample is very important. All of the most easily identifiable traits— flowers, seeds, leaves and roots—are present then, so take some ...
Amethyst Astilbe
Amethyst Astilbe

... tends to remain dense right to the ground, not requiring facer plants in front. It grows at a medium rate, and under ideal conditions can be expected to live for approximately 10 years. This perennial does best in partial shade to shade. It requires an evenly moist well-drained soil for optimal grow ...
Chapter 21-Seedless Plants Major modern plant groups All groups
Chapter 21-Seedless Plants Major modern plant groups All groups

... This arrangement of the sporophyte growing from within the gametophyte provides protection and nourishment for the sporophyte and allow for the production of many spores that can withstand desiccation. ...
Chemicals Detected in Plants Used For Folk Medicine
Chemicals Detected in Plants Used For Folk Medicine

... various species efficacious in the treatment of different ailments even if they belong to the same family. Flavonoids Flavonoids are 15-carbon compounds which occur naturally and are widely distributed in the plant kingdom appearing in flower, fruits, stems, leaves, roots and plant derived beverages ...
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Leaf



A leaf is an organ of a vascular plant and is the principal lateral appendage of the stem. The leaves and stem together form the shoot. Foliage is a mass noun that refers to leaves collectively.Typically a leaf is a thin, dorsiventrally flattened organ, borne above ground and specialized for photosynthesis. Most leaves have distinctive upper (adaxial) and lower (abaxial) surfaces that differ in colour, hairiness, the number of stomata (pores that intake and output gases) and other features. In most plant species, leaves are broad and flat. Such species are referred to as broad-leaved plants. Many gymnosperm species have thin needle-like leaves that can be advantageous in cold climates frequented by snow and frost. Leaves can also have other shapes and forms such as the scales in certain species of conifers. Some leaves are not above ground (such as bulb scales). Succulent plants often have thick juicy leaves, but some leaves are without major photosynthetic function and may be dead at maturity, as in some cataphylls, and spines). Furthermore, several kinds of leaf-like structures found in vascular plants are not totally homologous with them. Examples include flattened plant stems (called phylloclades and cladodes), and phyllodes (flattened leaf stems), both of which differ from leaves in their structure and origin. Many structures of non-vascular plants, and even of some lichens, which are not plants at all (in the sense of being members of the kingdom Plantae), look and function much like leaves. The primary site of photosynthesis in most leaves (palisade mesophyll) almost always occurs on the upper side of the blade or lamina of the leaf but in some species, including the mature foliage of Eucalyptus palisade occurs on both sides and the leaves are said to be isobilateral.
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