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Morphological and Anatomical Characteristics of Selected Dicot
Morphological and Anatomical Characteristics of Selected Dicot

... time. These plants are characteristics of desert and semi desert regions. Xerophytes are the plants which are able to survive in an environment with a limited supply of water as compared to hydrophytes and mesophytes. These plants develop certain structural, anatomical and physiological adaptations ...
Chapter 1 - UNH Cooperative Extension
Chapter 1 - UNH Cooperative Extension

... During the first winter, the plant is vernalized. That is, it is stimulated to produce reproductive structures during the following growing season. In the second season, flowers, fruit, and seeds develop to complete the life cycle, and the plant dies. Carrots, beets, cabbage, celery, onions, hollyho ...
Technical Note TN6XX Technical Note TN6 20
Technical Note TN6XX Technical Note TN6 20

... fall onto a green leaf, botrytis initially attacks the petal, then attacks the green leaf. Botrytis can also attack via damage caused by frost damage and fertiliser scorch. Stem lesions can also form, especially where stems have become damaged by cabbage seed weevil, or where petals have become trap ...
Sussex Hedgerow Woody Species Identification Guide
Sussex Hedgerow Woody Species Identification Guide

... Hedgerow Inventory Project to identify the most common woody species that they are likely to encounter. Some 40 or so native woody species may be found in Sussex Hedgerows. The species you are most likely to come across will depend on the landscape and soil type in the area. We have illustrated only ...
Corypha umbraculifera - Palm Beach Palm and Cycad Society
Corypha umbraculifera - Palm Beach Palm and Cycad Society

... foot tall specimen survive Hurricane Andrew but this palm had a much smaller crown of leaves at that height. I believe this palm should be more widely planted in Palm Beach County. No palm is a more impressive sight. Even immature specimens have a distinct appearance ...
Mission 2 - NC State University
Mission 2 - NC State University

... held up by the filaments, a thread-like part. The pistil is made of a stigma, a style, and an ovary. The stigma is the sticky surface at the top of the pistil that traps and holds the pollen. The style is tube-like and holds up the stigma. The style leads down to the ovary that holds the ovules. Whe ...
Methods of Asexual Propagation: Growing Plants Without Seeds.
Methods of Asexual Propagation: Growing Plants Without Seeds.

... A node is a point along a plant stem where leaves or other stems are attached ...
Threatened Plants of Logan
Threatened Plants of Logan

... Medium sized tree with pale brown flaky-scaly bark growing to 18 m with a dark green canopy in riverine scrub. Opposite glossy leaves to 5 cm. Flowering in November-December with small, white, four to five petalled, slightly fragrant flowers. The fruit is a glossy, globular berry that turns black wh ...
Jul/Sep 2013 - Bromeliads in Australia
Jul/Sep 2013 - Bromeliads in Australia

... An accountant by profession he has this hobby. It is a hobby because sales locally are not great because of the adverse publicity Bromeliads get, by being the harbinger of Dengue fever and yet it has been proved that Bromeliads should only get 5% of the blame. You may be aware that Alcantarea have b ...
Aquatic and Wetland Plants of the Arnold Arboretum
Aquatic and Wetland Plants of the Arnold Arboretum

... wetland plants are not permanent in their habitats. Year after year we find that a species that may be abundant m one year disappears in another. Because of fluctuating water levels, artificial destruction, pollution, and modification of the surface soil, some species are unable to survive. Such dis ...
White Ash
White Ash

... Seeds generally fall up to 460’ from the original tree, and take 2‐3 months to germinate.  The  vegetative buds usually begin to grow in April or May.  It may take anywhere from 3‐15 years for a  White Ash tree to reach five feet in height.  Once it reaches that general height range, however, the  r ...
University of Mary Division of Education
University of Mary Division of Education

... example, flowers often have bright colors, attractive shapes, and pleasing aromas. These traits help them attract insects and other animals that will carry pollen grains from flower to flower. Pollination also occurs by means other than animals carrying the pollen. For some flowering plants, the win ...
Solanaceae - Sakshieducation.com
Solanaceae - Sakshieducation.com

... In bicollateral vascular bundles phloem is present on either side of the xylem, separated by cambia ...
Student Handout - San Diego Children and Nature
Student Handout - San Diego Children and Nature

... sunlight only hits the leaf edges. A plant’s color can help it stay cool too. Dark colors absorb sunlight. Light colors reflect it. Plants such as white sage and California sagebrush are light grey. This adaptation helps them reflect sunlight and stay cool in the heat. ...
Anatomical adaptations of four Crassula species to water availability
Anatomical adaptations of four Crassula species to water availability

... store water and increase the amount of available water.18 In most plant cells the vacuole occupies 70–80% of the cell’s volume, but in succulents this is around 90%.9 The weight of succulent organs often necessitates either a strong woody stem for support or a compact growth form.18 Quotients have b ...
The Plant Body
The Plant Body

... succulents, a layer of wax may be added outside the cuticle. In plants with secondary growth, the bark forms the outer protective layer and is considered a part of the dermal tissue system. Ground tissue consists primarily of thin-walled parenchyma cells that are initially (but briefly) more or less ...
Intro to Common Plant Families for Herbalists
Intro to Common Plant Families for Herbalists

... Another of the most important plant families we use for food. Many many of our most eaten fruits, including apples, peaches, raspberries, blackberries, almonds and cherries belong to this family. Rose family members produce prolific nectar and pollen for bees, and are hosts for butterflies and moths ...
Nutrition in Plants
Nutrition in Plants

... nourishment) nutrition. Therefore, plants are called autotrophs. Photosynthesis—Food making process in plants. The synthesis of food in plants takes place in leaves. Therefore all the raw materials must reach there. Water and minerals present in the soil are absorbed by roots and transported to leav ...
RHS Past Paper R2101 - Plant Classification, Structure and Function
RHS Past Paper R2101 - Plant Classification, Structure and Function

... The best candidates provided full details e.g. tubers storing starch/carbohydrates rather than food, adventitious prop roots at the base of stems, adventitious roots enabling the plant to grow towards the light for photosynthesis, suckers arising from adventitious buds and pneumatophores extending a ...
Broadleaf Evergreens
Broadleaf Evergreens

... after trees have lost their leaves. Antidessicant sprays can help prevent foliage from drying out, as well as wrapping the plants with burlap. Some small leaved rhododendrons will curl their leaves in cold weather; however, they will return to normal as temperatures rise. ...
Plants - OnMyCalendar
Plants - OnMyCalendar

... Angiosperms – flowering plants that bear their seeds within a layer of tissue that protects the seed ...
AP Biology, Plants, Guide
AP Biology, Plants, Guide

... leaves and other photosynthetic organs have pores called stomata that allow exchange of gases between the outside air and leaf interior. Changes in the shapes of the cells bordering the stomata can close the pores to minimize water loss. Excluding bryophytes, land plants have true roots, stems, and ...
A review of Guava (Psidium guajava)
A review of Guava (Psidium guajava)

... shown a positive action on Gram-positive microbial organisms, but no action on Gram-negative organisms, nor any antifungal action. Three antibacterial substances have been detected in the leaves which are derivatives of quercetine. As in the bark polyphenols and many other substances are present [Bu ...
Roots
Roots

... organization consisting of organs, tissues, and cells • Plants have organs composed of different tissues, which in turn are composed of different cell types • A tissue is a group of cells consisting of one or more cell types that together perform a specialized function • An organ consists of several ...
Learn About Botany Reference Guide
Learn About Botany Reference Guide

... These buds consist mainly of immature leaves. In comparison with other types of buds, vegetative buds are normally smaller in size, pointed and darker in colour. Vegetative buds eventually develop into shoots and are found as either terminal or lateral buds. The lateral vegetative buds of stone frui ...
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Leaf



A leaf is an organ of a vascular plant and is the principal lateral appendage of the stem. The leaves and stem together form the shoot. Foliage is a mass noun that refers to leaves collectively.Typically a leaf is a thin, dorsiventrally flattened organ, borne above ground and specialized for photosynthesis. Most leaves have distinctive upper (adaxial) and lower (abaxial) surfaces that differ in colour, hairiness, the number of stomata (pores that intake and output gases) and other features. In most plant species, leaves are broad and flat. Such species are referred to as broad-leaved plants. Many gymnosperm species have thin needle-like leaves that can be advantageous in cold climates frequented by snow and frost. Leaves can also have other shapes and forms such as the scales in certain species of conifers. Some leaves are not above ground (such as bulb scales). Succulent plants often have thick juicy leaves, but some leaves are without major photosynthetic function and may be dead at maturity, as in some cataphylls, and spines). Furthermore, several kinds of leaf-like structures found in vascular plants are not totally homologous with them. Examples include flattened plant stems (called phylloclades and cladodes), and phyllodes (flattened leaf stems), both of which differ from leaves in their structure and origin. Many structures of non-vascular plants, and even of some lichens, which are not plants at all (in the sense of being members of the kingdom Plantae), look and function much like leaves. The primary site of photosynthesis in most leaves (palisade mesophyll) almost always occurs on the upper side of the blade or lamina of the leaf but in some species, including the mature foliage of Eucalyptus palisade occurs on both sides and the leaves are said to be isobilateral.
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