Technical Abstract of the First Global Integrated Marine Assessment
... Purpose and process of preparing the Technical Abstract This Technical Abstract is based upon the First Global Integrated Marine Assessment – World Ocean Assessment I – released in January 2016, and, in particular, upon the Summary of that Assessment, which was approved by the United Nations Genera ...
... Purpose and process of preparing the Technical Abstract This Technical Abstract is based upon the First Global Integrated Marine Assessment – World Ocean Assessment I – released in January 2016, and, in particular, upon the Summary of that Assessment, which was approved by the United Nations Genera ...
Lecture - Ann Arbor Earth Science
... function of distance from the mid-ocean ridge and how it relates to ocean depth. ...
... function of distance from the mid-ocean ridge and how it relates to ocean depth. ...
First day of Spring Semester
... • Oceans absorb long, invisible infrared wavelengths. • The amount of infrared determines ocean temperature. • Ocean water freezes at -2 Celsius. ...
... • Oceans absorb long, invisible infrared wavelengths. • The amount of infrared determines ocean temperature. • Ocean water freezes at -2 Celsius. ...
Evidence for Sea-Floor Spreading
... • At the mid-ocean ridge, molten material rises from the mantle and erupts. The molten material then spreads out, pushing older rock to both sides of the ridge. • Over tens of millions of years, the process continues until the oldest ocean floor collides with the continental crust • The more dense o ...
... • At the mid-ocean ridge, molten material rises from the mantle and erupts. The molten material then spreads out, pushing older rock to both sides of the ridge. • Over tens of millions of years, the process continues until the oldest ocean floor collides with the continental crust • The more dense o ...
Final Draft
... Many organizations are playing roles to sustain and develop the ocean observing system. At the global level, the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO (IOC), the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the UN Environment Program (UNEP) and the International Council for Science (ICSU) ...
... Many organizations are playing roles to sustain and develop the ocean observing system. At the global level, the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO (IOC), the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the UN Environment Program (UNEP) and the International Council for Science (ICSU) ...
Chapter 18
... • Primitive earth and formation of the ocean – early earth thought to be composed of silicon compounds, iron, magnesium oxide, and other elements – gradually, the earth heated, causing melting and separation of elements – water vapor locked within minerals released to the surface, where it cooled, c ...
... • Primitive earth and formation of the ocean – early earth thought to be composed of silicon compounds, iron, magnesium oxide, and other elements – gradually, the earth heated, causing melting and separation of elements – water vapor locked within minerals released to the surface, where it cooled, c ...
Year 9 - Bedford Free School
... dioxide. The Earth cooled , condensing most of the water vapour in the air to form oceans. Most of the carbon dioxide then dissolved into the oceans. Life forms began to appear, using carbon dioxide for life processes and releasing oxygen. Enetually the levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen settled to ...
... dioxide. The Earth cooled , condensing most of the water vapour in the air to form oceans. Most of the carbon dioxide then dissolved into the oceans. Life forms began to appear, using carbon dioxide for life processes and releasing oxygen. Enetually the levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen settled to ...
Earth`s Oceans
... rivers run into the ocean. Salinity levels are also affected by animals such as clams and oysters that use calcium salts to build their shells. They remove salt from the water. In warm ocean areas where there is little rainfall and much evaporation, the amount of dissolved salts is much greater. In ...
... rivers run into the ocean. Salinity levels are also affected by animals such as clams and oysters that use calcium salts to build their shells. They remove salt from the water. In warm ocean areas where there is little rainfall and much evaporation, the amount of dissolved salts is much greater. In ...
File
... a) magma rises at mid-ocean ridges to create new ocean floor b) ocean floor slowly moves outward away from the rift c) ocean floor sinks back into the mantle at deep-ocean trenches ...
... a) magma rises at mid-ocean ridges to create new ocean floor b) ocean floor slowly moves outward away from the rift c) ocean floor sinks back into the mantle at deep-ocean trenches ...
Summary of Oceans Issues from IPCC Fifth Assessment Report`s
... It is very likely that the Arctic sea ice cover will continue to shrink and thin, and that northern hemisphere spring snow cover will decrease during the 21st century as global mean surface temperature rises. Global glacier volume will further decrease. Global mean sea level will continue to rise du ...
... It is very likely that the Arctic sea ice cover will continue to shrink and thin, and that northern hemisphere spring snow cover will decrease during the 21st century as global mean surface temperature rises. Global glacier volume will further decrease. Global mean sea level will continue to rise du ...
Lique ice heated bel..
... the change in the Revelle ratio means that a given decline in the levels of dissolved inorganic carbon will result in larger uptake of atmospheric CO2 by the oceans. In total, CO2 uptake from biological activity increased by roughly 2.5 times over the course of the twenty-first century, even though ...
... the change in the Revelle ratio means that a given decline in the levels of dissolved inorganic carbon will result in larger uptake of atmospheric CO2 by the oceans. In total, CO2 uptake from biological activity increased by roughly 2.5 times over the course of the twenty-first century, even though ...
WELIM Solar Energy
... And the biological pump is slowing down too. The biological pump moves carbon from the surface water to the ocean floor where it is subducted into the lithosphere. However, additional carbon dioxide in the ocean changes the water’s pH creating ocean acidification. This reduces marine organisms abili ...
... And the biological pump is slowing down too. The biological pump moves carbon from the surface water to the ocean floor where it is subducted into the lithosphere. However, additional carbon dioxide in the ocean changes the water’s pH creating ocean acidification. This reduces marine organisms abili ...
Implications of the Paris agreement for the ocean
... of holding the global mean atmospheric temperature rise by the end of this century to well below 2 °C, if not 1.5 °C, above pre-industrial levels. The implementation of such an ambitious target is now a key concern for the ocean scientific community. This concern is reinforced by recent studies sugg ...
... of holding the global mean atmospheric temperature rise by the end of this century to well below 2 °C, if not 1.5 °C, above pre-industrial levels. The implementation of such an ambitious target is now a key concern for the ocean scientific community. This concern is reinforced by recent studies sugg ...
Introduction
... 2. Once acquired, how was it retained? First question has to do how the earth was formed, and the second involves the evolution of the earth and its atmosphere! 1. Earth created by a gravitational collapse, where heavier elements migrate to the centre and lighter elements (H,O,..) are still in the o ...
... 2. Once acquired, how was it retained? First question has to do how the earth was formed, and the second involves the evolution of the earth and its atmosphere! 1. Earth created by a gravitational collapse, where heavier elements migrate to the centre and lighter elements (H,O,..) are still in the o ...
Oceanography Seminar-Oscar Abraham Sosa (PDF)
... nutrients to the water column making them key regulators of the cycles of carbon and of marine productivity. Yet we know very few details of how bacteria catalyze the decomposition of DOM and the types of metabolism that this process supports. My thesis project aims to identify suitable bacterial sy ...
... nutrients to the water column making them key regulators of the cycles of carbon and of marine productivity. Yet we know very few details of how bacteria catalyze the decomposition of DOM and the types of metabolism that this process supports. My thesis project aims to identify suitable bacterial sy ...
Lecture 10 Plate Tectonics i
... from deep in the mantle. As plates move over them, new volcanic Seamounts are formed. Any that stick up above the ocean’s surface as islands are eroded away, and as they move away from the Hot Spot, they cool, contract, and are submerged. They are ...
... from deep in the mantle. As plates move over them, new volcanic Seamounts are formed. Any that stick up above the ocean’s surface as islands are eroded away, and as they move away from the Hot Spot, they cool, contract, and are submerged. They are ...
Surface Currents
... Upwelling is the vertical movement of water toward the ocean’s surface. occurs when wind blows across the ocean’s surface and pushes water away from an area. Deeper colder water then rises to replace it. ...
... Upwelling is the vertical movement of water toward the ocean’s surface. occurs when wind blows across the ocean’s surface and pushes water away from an area. Deeper colder water then rises to replace it. ...
year Atm. CO 2 - Community Earth System Model
... 1-Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; 2-National Center for Atmospheric Research; 3-University of California, Berkeley ...
... 1-Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; 2-National Center for Atmospheric Research; 3-University of California, Berkeley ...
Lesson 11 - Subduction Boundary Volcanism
... to melt. This generates magmas that are thick and contains large amounts of gases. As a result, subduction eruptions at ocean-continent boundaries are very explosive and produce composite volcanic cones. most of the world’s volcanoes are of this type and border the Pacific Ocean, called the Pacifi ...
... to melt. This generates magmas that are thick and contains large amounts of gases. As a result, subduction eruptions at ocean-continent boundaries are very explosive and produce composite volcanic cones. most of the world’s volcanoes are of this type and border the Pacific Ocean, called the Pacifi ...
Plate Tectonics
... Difficult to fathom as our life spans only 80 Simplified history of Earth – Waugh pg. 9 Oldest rocks are ~ 4 billion years old Found in the Northwest Territories ...
... Difficult to fathom as our life spans only 80 Simplified history of Earth – Waugh pg. 9 Oldest rocks are ~ 4 billion years old Found in the Northwest Territories ...
Lecture Powerpoint 1-17
... Hydrothermal vents • 1977: discovered by Ballard and Grassle of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution – Chimneys – East Pacific Rise – 350 degrees Celsius ...
... Hydrothermal vents • 1977: discovered by Ballard and Grassle of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution – Chimneys – East Pacific Rise – 350 degrees Celsius ...
Marine Microbial Processes Outline
... advantage shifts to small phytoplankton cells • Small phytoplankton cells enhance the importance of microbial grazers and increases the level of nitrogen recycling in the upper ocean • Small phytoplankton cells also enhance the percentage of organic carbon that is respired back to carbon dioxide and ...
... advantage shifts to small phytoplankton cells • Small phytoplankton cells enhance the importance of microbial grazers and increases the level of nitrogen recycling in the upper ocean • Small phytoplankton cells also enhance the percentage of organic carbon that is respired back to carbon dioxide and ...
Continental drift - La Salle Elementary School
... As ocean floor moves, it takes continents with it Straight ridge sections are offset by thin cracks knows as transformation faults. o Earthquakes occur along the faults Rock samples from ocean floor indicate rocks next to midocean ridge are younger rocks than farther away. o Ocean floor spread ...
... As ocean floor moves, it takes continents with it Straight ridge sections are offset by thin cracks knows as transformation faults. o Earthquakes occur along the faults Rock samples from ocean floor indicate rocks next to midocean ridge are younger rocks than farther away. o Ocean floor spread ...
File
... the surrounding generally flat sea floor (abyssal plain) by as much as 1.5 km. In addition he found that the deepest parts of the oceans were very close to continental margins in the Pacific with Ocean Trenches extending down to depths of over 11 km in the case of the Marianas Trench off the coast o ...
... the surrounding generally flat sea floor (abyssal plain) by as much as 1.5 km. In addition he found that the deepest parts of the oceans were very close to continental margins in the Pacific with Ocean Trenches extending down to depths of over 11 km in the case of the Marianas Trench off the coast o ...
Ocean acidification
Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. An estimated 30–40% of the carbon dioxide from human activity released into the atmosphere dissolves into oceans, rivers and lakes. To achieve chemical equilibrium, some of it reacts with the water to form carbonic acid. Some of these extra carbonic acid molecules react with a water molecule to give a bicarbonate ion and a hydronium ion, thus increasing ocean acidity (H+ ion concentration). Between 1751 and 1994 surface ocean pH is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8.25 to 8.14, representing an increase of almost 30% in H+ ion concentration in the world's oceans. Since current and projected ocean pH levels are above 7.0, the oceans are technically alkaline now and will remain so; referring to this effect as ""decreasing ocean alkalinity"" would be equally correct if less politically useful. Earth System Models project that within the last decade ocean acidity exceeded historical analogs and in combination with other ocean biogeochemical changes could undermine the functioning of marine ecosystems and disrupt the provision of many goods and services associated with the ocean.Increasing acidity is thought to have a range of possibly harmful consequences, such as depressing metabolic rates and immune responses in some organisms, and causing coral bleaching. This also causes decreasing oxygen levels as it kills off algae.Other chemical reactions are triggered which result in a net decrease in the amount of carbonate ions available. This makes it more difficult for marine calcifying organisms, such as coral and some plankton, to form biogenic calcium carbonate, and such structures become vulnerable to dissolution. Ongoing acidification of the oceans threatens food chains connected with the oceans. As members of the InterAcademy Panel, 105 science academies have issued a statement on ocean acidification recommending that by 2050, global CO2 emissions be reduced by at least 50% compared to the 1990 level.Ocean acidification has been called the ""evil twin of global warming"" and ""the other CO2 problem"".Ocean acidification has occurred previously in Earth's history. The most notable example is the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), which occurred approximately 56 million years ago. For reasons that are currently uncertain, massive amounts of carbon entered the ocean and atmosphere, and led to the dissolution of carbonate sediments in all ocean basins.