Organic Chemistry | Topic Notes
... • Propanoic, benzoic and some of their salts preserve foods • Butanoic acids - unwashed socks • Decanoic acid - stench of goats. • Hydrogen bonding can occur between molecules of carboxylic acids. They have a higher boiling point than their corresponding alcohol due to there being more hydrogen bond ...
... • Propanoic, benzoic and some of their salts preserve foods • Butanoic acids - unwashed socks • Decanoic acid - stench of goats. • Hydrogen bonding can occur between molecules of carboxylic acids. They have a higher boiling point than their corresponding alcohol due to there being more hydrogen bond ...
Oxidation of Food Notes
... Oxidation of food can occur when food is exposed to oxygen in the air. Foods which contain fats and oils are at a particularly high risk of oxidation. Oxidation reactions involving oxygen molecules from the air damage the structure of the fat or oil causing degradation of long fatty-acid chains and ...
... Oxidation of food can occur when food is exposed to oxygen in the air. Foods which contain fats and oils are at a particularly high risk of oxidation. Oxidation reactions involving oxygen molecules from the air damage the structure of the fat or oil causing degradation of long fatty-acid chains and ...
Classes and Nomenclature of Halogen Compounds
... Reactions of Halogen Compounds C) Formation of organometallic compounds. Most organic chlorides, bromides, and iodides react with certain metals to give organometallic compounds, molecules with carbon-metal bonds. Grignard reagents are obtained by the reaction of alkyl or aryl halides with meta ...
... Reactions of Halogen Compounds C) Formation of organometallic compounds. Most organic chlorides, bromides, and iodides react with certain metals to give organometallic compounds, molecules with carbon-metal bonds. Grignard reagents are obtained by the reaction of alkyl or aryl halides with meta ...
12/6 Lecture
... Chapter 20 Organic Chemistry • Aromatic compounds – cont. – While adding double bonds makes compounds less thermodynamically stable, benzene and other aromatic compounds (compounds containing benzene ring) are relatively stable both thermodynamically and kinetically – Some due to “resonance stabili ...
... Chapter 20 Organic Chemistry • Aromatic compounds – cont. – While adding double bonds makes compounds less thermodynamically stable, benzene and other aromatic compounds (compounds containing benzene ring) are relatively stable both thermodynamically and kinetically – Some due to “resonance stabili ...
Alicyclic esters of phosphoric acids
... The reaction is catalyzed by an aliphatic tertiary amine, such as, for example, triethylamine, triisopropylamine, of reaction wherein a dihydrocarbyl phosphoric acid adds 40 tri-nébutylamine, tri-2-ethylhexylamine and the like. The amount of catalyst employed usually lies within the range to a cyclo ...
... The reaction is catalyzed by an aliphatic tertiary amine, such as, for example, triethylamine, triisopropylamine, of reaction wherein a dihydrocarbyl phosphoric acid adds 40 tri-nébutylamine, tri-2-ethylhexylamine and the like. The amount of catalyst employed usually lies within the range to a cyclo ...
Acids and Bases
... Ammonia (NH3) and amine-type bases such as CH3NH2. Typical amine-type bases have an ammonia-type structure, but with one or more of the H atoms replaced by a hydrocarbon group. Most anions are basic. Common examples include HCO3–(aq) (hydrogen carbonate or bicarbonate ion) which is present in so ...
... Ammonia (NH3) and amine-type bases such as CH3NH2. Typical amine-type bases have an ammonia-type structure, but with one or more of the H atoms replaced by a hydrocarbon group. Most anions are basic. Common examples include HCO3–(aq) (hydrogen carbonate or bicarbonate ion) which is present in so ...
m4 phenol and diazo salts
... Sodium phenol reacts with sodium to form an ionic salt - sodium phenoxide hydrogen is also produced this reaction is similar to that with aliphatic alcohols such as ethanol 2C6H5OH(s) ...
... Sodium phenol reacts with sodium to form an ionic salt - sodium phenoxide hydrogen is also produced this reaction is similar to that with aliphatic alcohols such as ethanol 2C6H5OH(s) ...
Amino Acids and Their Polymers
... homes. In this section, you will read more about waxes and similar compounds that make up the class of biomolecules known as lipids. ...
... homes. In this section, you will read more about waxes and similar compounds that make up the class of biomolecules known as lipids. ...
Problem Set Chapter 13 Solutions February 28, 2013 13.27 Draw
... 13.50 How would you prepare the following substances from cyclopentanol? More than one step may be required. (a) Cyclopentanone (b) Cyclopentene (c) 1-Methylcyclopentanol (d) trans-2-Methylcyclopentanol ...
... 13.50 How would you prepare the following substances from cyclopentanol? More than one step may be required. (a) Cyclopentanone (b) Cyclopentene (c) 1-Methylcyclopentanol (d) trans-2-Methylcyclopentanol ...
tests for FLAVONOIDS
... nucleotides containing pentoses while the formation of a yellow-green precipitate indicates the presence of hexoses and disaccharides. Bial’s orcinol test uses concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) as the dehydrating acid and orcinol with a trace of ferric chloride (FeCl3) as the condensation reagent ...
... nucleotides containing pentoses while the formation of a yellow-green precipitate indicates the presence of hexoses and disaccharides. Bial’s orcinol test uses concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) as the dehydrating acid and orcinol with a trace of ferric chloride (FeCl3) as the condensation reagent ...
Organic Chemistry & Polymers
... Majority of chemical compounds on earth are organic. The main elements involved in organic chemistry are C, H, O, & N; shorthand notation: HC = hydrocarbon Organic chemistry reminds us of plants and animals but is not limited to such. ...
... Majority of chemical compounds on earth are organic. The main elements involved in organic chemistry are C, H, O, & N; shorthand notation: HC = hydrocarbon Organic chemistry reminds us of plants and animals but is not limited to such. ...
10.5 Carbonyl Compounds (a) describe: (i) the
... Different carbonyl compounds (R, R’ differ in number of carbon/hydrogen atoms) have different melting points. This is a nucleophilic addition then elimination (of water) type of reaction to give the hydrazone. ...
... Different carbonyl compounds (R, R’ differ in number of carbon/hydrogen atoms) have different melting points. This is a nucleophilic addition then elimination (of water) type of reaction to give the hydrazone. ...
info
... 8. Oxidative cleavages a. Of vicinal diols – use periodic acid (HIO4). Produces aldehydes and ketones. b. Of alkenes – ozonolysis. This is a syn addition of ozone to the alkene, giving a molozonide. It then rearranges to form an ozonide (two O’s on one side, one O on the other, in a five‐membere ...
... 8. Oxidative cleavages a. Of vicinal diols – use periodic acid (HIO4). Produces aldehydes and ketones. b. Of alkenes – ozonolysis. This is a syn addition of ozone to the alkene, giving a molozonide. It then rearranges to form an ozonide (two O’s on one side, one O on the other, in a five‐membere ...
Unit 19 Chemistry Honors
... 1. Name and write formulas for organic compounds such as alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and molecules containing basic organic functional groups. 2. Draw organic structures. 3. Draw and identify the different types of isomers. 4. For a given organic compound, identify the component shapes, bond angles, I ...
... 1. Name and write formulas for organic compounds such as alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and molecules containing basic organic functional groups. 2. Draw organic structures. 3. Draw and identify the different types of isomers. 4. For a given organic compound, identify the component shapes, bond angles, I ...
Substitution reactions of carbonyl compounds at the α
... 2) Saponiofication and decarboxylation can occur in one step - provided the temperature is high enough (usually, 110 - 120°C will do it). 3) Note that all esters in the molecule are saponified, but only the 1,3dicarbonyl compounds can undergo decarboxylation. 4) As you’ll see in lecture, many differ ...
... 2) Saponiofication and decarboxylation can occur in one step - provided the temperature is high enough (usually, 110 - 120°C will do it). 3) Note that all esters in the molecule are saponified, but only the 1,3dicarbonyl compounds can undergo decarboxylation. 4) As you’ll see in lecture, many differ ...
Main Group Organometallic Compounds
... • Reaction of SiCl4 with organolithium, Grignard reagents or organoaluminum compounds • Hydrosilation of alkenes • Direct reaction of RX with Si in the presence of a Cu ...
... • Reaction of SiCl4 with organolithium, Grignard reagents or organoaluminum compounds • Hydrosilation of alkenes • Direct reaction of RX with Si in the presence of a Cu ...
Carboxylic Acid Derivatives and Nitriles
... The mechanism for all of the above reactions (except the last [Friedel-Crafts]) is pretty much the same – a nucleophile adds to the electrophilic carbonyl group, creating a tetrahedral intermediate. The electrons on oxygen then pop down, expelling the good leaving group (Cl-). This type of reaction ...
... The mechanism for all of the above reactions (except the last [Friedel-Crafts]) is pretty much the same – a nucleophile adds to the electrophilic carbonyl group, creating a tetrahedral intermediate. The electrons on oxygen then pop down, expelling the good leaving group (Cl-). This type of reaction ...
blank lecture 11
... PHYSICAL PROPERTIES (continued) • Because of the polarity of the C=O group, these groups can interact, but the attraction is not as strong as hydrogen bonding. • This makes the boiling point of aldehydes and ketones ___________ than alkanes, but _________ than alcohols. ...
... PHYSICAL PROPERTIES (continued) • Because of the polarity of the C=O group, these groups can interact, but the attraction is not as strong as hydrogen bonding. • This makes the boiling point of aldehydes and ketones ___________ than alkanes, but _________ than alcohols. ...
Organic Chemistry Notes
... Acetic acid is commonly known as vinegar. Other carboxylic acids are propionic acid (3 Cs), butyric acid (or rancid butter - the odor of dirty feet; the literal German translation for this acid is ‘sour butter’), citric acid (lemon juice), and benzoic acid. ...
... Acetic acid is commonly known as vinegar. Other carboxylic acids are propionic acid (3 Cs), butyric acid (or rancid butter - the odor of dirty feet; the literal German translation for this acid is ‘sour butter’), citric acid (lemon juice), and benzoic acid. ...
AMIDES & AMINES
... • Can be thought of as ammonia (NH3), with one, two or all three of its hydrogens substituted by alkyl groups • The number of substituted alkyl groups allow for primary (10), secondary (20), and tertiary (30) sub-classifications (similar to alcohols) ...
... • Can be thought of as ammonia (NH3), with one, two or all three of its hydrogens substituted by alkyl groups • The number of substituted alkyl groups allow for primary (10), secondary (20), and tertiary (30) sub-classifications (similar to alcohols) ...
3.6 Organic analysis
... 3.6 Organic analysis Functional group tests • Through the study of organic chemistry, there are a few reactions that are unique to a particular functional group. Test Bromine water ...
... 3.6 Organic analysis Functional group tests • Through the study of organic chemistry, there are a few reactions that are unique to a particular functional group. Test Bromine water ...
20.4 Acid-Base Properties of Carboxylic Acids
... 1) You have a mixture of naphthalene and benzoic acid that you wish to separate. How might you take advantage of the acidity of one component in the mixture to accomplish the ...
... 1) You have a mixture of naphthalene and benzoic acid that you wish to separate. How might you take advantage of the acidity of one component in the mixture to accomplish the ...
+ → + − NH Acid Carboxylic O2H CN R
... 5. Gycerol Esters: (Picture on p668) a. Fats = solids at room temperature (saturated fats from animals) b. Oils = liquids at room temperature (unsaturated or polysaturated from plants) c. Principally form of energy storage in the body d. Normally cis isomers but can make trans isomers which are bad ...
... 5. Gycerol Esters: (Picture on p668) a. Fats = solids at room temperature (saturated fats from animals) b. Oils = liquids at room temperature (unsaturated or polysaturated from plants) c. Principally form of energy storage in the body d. Normally cis isomers but can make trans isomers which are bad ...
EXPLORING ORGANIC CHEMISTRY FOR TEACHERS (CHMY 591
... Organic chemistry is an organized study of the myriad ways that carbon compounds form and interact. These interactions are often familiar to us in everyday applications. Indeed, it is often said that life on this planet is carbon-based. The intent of our course is to familiarize you with how the att ...
... Organic chemistry is an organized study of the myriad ways that carbon compounds form and interact. These interactions are often familiar to us in everyday applications. Indeed, it is often said that life on this planet is carbon-based. The intent of our course is to familiarize you with how the att ...
Alcohols, phenols, thiols and ethers notes
... Classify each as an alcohol (1), phenol (2), or an ether (3): A. _____ CH3CH2-O-CH3 OH ...
... Classify each as an alcohol (1), phenol (2), or an ether (3): A. _____ CH3CH2-O-CH3 OH ...
Phenols
In organic chemistry, phenols, sometimes called phenolics, are a class of chemical compounds consisting of a hydroxyl group (—OH) bonded directly to an aromatic hydrocarbon group. The simplest of the class is phenol, which is also called carbolic acid C6H5OH. Phenolic compounds are classified as simple phenols or polyphenols based on the number of phenol units in the molecule.Synonyms are arenols or aryl alcohols.Phenolic compounds are synthesized industrially; they also are produced by plants and microorganisms, with variation between and within species.Although similar to alcohols, phenols have unique properties and are not classified as alcohols (since the hydroxyl group is not bonded to a saturated carbon atom). They have higher acidities due to the aromatic ring's tight coupling with the oxygen and a relatively loose bond between the oxygen and hydrogen. The acidity of the hydroxyl group in phenols is commonly intermediate between that of aliphatic alcohols and carboxylic acids (their pKa is usually between 10 and 12).Loss of a positive hydrogen ion (H+) from the hydroxyl group of a phenol forms a corresponding negative phenolate ion or phenoxide ion, and the corresponding salts are called phenolates or phenoxides, although the term aryloxides is preferred according to the IUPAC Gold Book. Phenols can have two or more hydroxy groups bonded to the aromatic ring(s) in the same molecule. The simplest examples are the three benzenediols, each having two hydroxy groups on a benzene ring.Organisms that synthesize phenolic compounds do so in response to ecological pressures such as pathogen and insect attack, UV radiation and wounding. As they are present in food consumed in human diets and in plants used in traditional medicine of several cultures, their role in human health and disease is a subject of research.ref name=Klepacka Some phenols are germicidal and are used in formulating disinfectants. Others possess estrogenic or endocrine disrupting activity.