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Chapter21
Chapter21

... binary stars in a single coherent chapter. First, most stars are in binary or multiple systems, so it isn’t reasonable to treat single stars as if they were ordinary and binary stars as if they were unusual. Second, we now have a clear enough picture of the evolution of close binary systems that it ...
Formation of Globular Clusters: In and Out of Dwarf Galaxies
Formation of Globular Clusters: In and Out of Dwarf Galaxies

... The gas in early halos is not dense enough to form the observed globular clusters In addition, the cosmic time is less than 0.4 Gyr Moore et al. (2006) ...
lab 11 only - Penn State University
lab 11 only - Penn State University

... spherical cloud of stars that surrounds the entire galaxy). The halo is much larger than the bulge. Our Milky Way Galaxy is made up of mostly stars, gas, and dust. The dust blocks out light from distant stars, and makes it hard to see a lot of the galaxy, especially the bulge and parts of the disk. ...
Homework #7 (Ch. 19)
Homework #7 (Ch. 19)

... Compare and contrast the observed properties of open star clusters and globular star clusters. 11. Chaisson Review and Discussion 19.19 How can we tell whether a star cluster is young or old? 12. Chaisson Review and Discussion 19.20 In the formation of a star cluster with a wide range of stellar mas ...
PH607lec10
PH607lec10

deduction of the gravity law and quantum mechanical model of
deduction of the gravity law and quantum mechanical model of

... the angular velocities as the vector, what is the most often ignored. As the result on this way were obtained the possibility to calculate planetary circular velocities, with important detail - faster decreasing of the velocity by increasing of the distance. Kepler held his attention on this detail ...
NCEA Level 2 Earth and Space Science (91192)
NCEA Level 2 Earth and Space Science (91192)

... After the Sun had formed, there were leftover gas and dust particles. These particles began to rotate around the young sun and flattened into a disk shape called a protoplanetary disk. Inside the swirling disk, rocky particles began to collide and formed bigger masses. This increase in mass attracte ...
All_Stars
All_Stars

... • Medium-mass stars burn H  He in their cores while on the main sequence and He  C and O while on the horizontal branch • They are not massive enough to ignite C-burning once their He is gone. Their cores contract and heat up until the contraction is stopped by electron degeneracy pressure • At th ...
NCEA Level 2 Earth and Space Science (91192) 2013
NCEA Level 2 Earth and Space Science (91192) 2013

... After the Sun had formed, there were leftover gas and dust particles. These particles began to rotate around the young sun and flattened into a disk shape called a protoplanetary disk. Inside the swirling disk, rocky particles began to collide and formed bigger masses. This increase in mass attracte ...
star formation and galactic evolution
star formation and galactic evolution

A Story about a Star`s Life
A Story about a Star`s Life

... • Brightest stars had magnitude 1 and dimmest had magnitude 6 • The system is still used today and units of measurement are called apparent magnitudes to emphasize how bright a star looks to an observer ...
AST1001.ch13
AST1001.ch13

... • As a white dwarf’s mass approaches 1.4MSun, its electrons must move at nearly the speed of light. • Because nothing can move faster than light, a white dwarf cannot be more massive than 1.4MSun, the white dwarf limit (also known as the Chandrasekhar limit). ...
A Planetary System Around Our Nearest Star is Emerging
A Planetary System Around Our Nearest Star is Emerging

... Today, a team of European scientists announces the discovery of the first planet around a star in the Alpha Centau planet is as massive as Earth, only 13% more massive, although too hot for life. This new result opens the possibilit might be other Earth-size planets in the Alpha Centauri system, inc ...
The Parent Stars of New Extrasolar Planet System Candidates
The Parent Stars of New Extrasolar Planet System Candidates

... it is possible that an inward-migrating planet was accreted by the star, thus changing the stellar surface and explaining the odd abundances observed. Unlike Gliese 876, the two stars HR 810 and HR 7875 are very similar to the sun. They are each close to one solar mass and are slightly younger than ...
Chapter 15: The Deaths of Massive Stars
Chapter 15: The Deaths of Massive Stars

... 3. The source of the Crab pulsar’s energy and that of the surrounding nebula is the rotational energy of the pulsar. This was implied by the observation that the Crab pulsar is slowing down. As the magnetic field of the pulsar propels electrons out into the nebula, the electrons slow down the pulsar ...
A Planetary Overview
A Planetary Overview

... few years of other objects at about the same distance made it obvious that things were not this simple. The Titius-Bode law could not account for the large number of “planets” between Mars and Jupiter. (However, it is possible that tidal interactions from Jupiter did not allow all these objects to c ...
V - ESO
V - ESO

MS 1512–CB58 - Columbia University Department of Astronomy
MS 1512–CB58 - Columbia University Department of Astronomy

Program and Abstract Book - European Southern Observatory
Program and Abstract Book - European Southern Observatory

... Mike Dunham (SUNY Fredonia, NY, USA) Stars form from the gravitational collapse of dense molecular cloud cores. In the protostellar phase, mass both accretes from the core onto a protostar, likely through an accretion disk, and is ejected in the form of jets and outflows. It is during this protostel ...
Unit 1
Unit 1

... before becoming white dwarfs • Higher mass stars move rapidly off the main sequence and into the giant stages, eventually exploding in a supernova ...
The Intricate Role of Cold Gas and Dust in Galaxy Evolution at Early
The Intricate Role of Cold Gas and Dust in Galaxy Evolution at Early

... -  idea: z>4 galaxy dust spectral energy distributions peak beyond 500 µm! ! can use (sub)mm colors to determine reasonable photometric redshifts! ! “red” sources are strong candidates for starbursts at the earliest epochs Systematic approach, but…how well does it work?! ...
Observational Constraints on Hot Gas Accretion
Observational Constraints on Hot Gas Accretion

Free floating planets
Free floating planets

... transit the disk of their parent stars, allowing for a determination of planetary radii. The 14 confirmed transiting planets observed to date are all more massive than Saturn, have orbital periods of only a few days, and orbit stars bright enough such that radial velocities can be determined, allowi ...
PH607 – Galaxies 2
PH607 – Galaxies 2

... monitored. However, in spite of all efforts, no unambiguous NIR counterpart of SgrA* could be detected up to 2003. On the 9th of May, during routine observations of the GC star cluster at 1.7 microns with NAOS/CONICA at the VLT, we witnessed a powerful flare at the location of the black hole. Within ...
Powerpoint slides - Earth & Planetary Sciences
Powerpoint slides - Earth & Planetary Sciences

... • Hypothesis 1) can’t explain why the gas/ice giants are so different to the original nebular composition, and require an enormous initial nebula mass (~1 solar mass) • Hypothesis 2) is reasonable, and can explain why Uranus and Neptune are smaller with less H/He – they must have been forming as the ...
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Nebular hypothesis

The nebular hypothesis is the most widely accepted model in the field of cosmogony to explain the formation and evolution of the Solar System. It suggests that the Solar System formed from nebulous material. The theory was developed by Immanuel Kant and published in his Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heaven. Originally applied to our own Solar System, this process of planetary system formation is now thought to be at work throughout the universe. The widely accepted modern variant of the nebular hypothesis is the solar nebular disk model (SNDM) or simply solar nebular model. This nebular hypothesis offered explanations for a variety of properties of the Solar System, including the nearly circular and coplanar orbits of the planets, and their motion in the same direction as the Sun's rotation. Some elements of the nebular hypothesis are echoed in modern theories of planetary formation, but most elements have been superseded.According to the nebular hypothesis, stars form in massive and dense clouds of molecular hydrogen—giant molecular clouds (GMC). These clouds are gravitationally unstable, and matter coalesces within them to smaller denser clumps, which then rotate, collapse, and form stars. Star formation is a complex process, which always produces a gaseous protoplanetary disk around the young star. This may give birth to planets in certain circumstances, which are not well known. Thus the formation of planetary systems is thought to be a natural result of star formation. A Sun-like star usually takes approximately 1 million years to form, with the protoplanetary disk evolving into a planetary system over the next 10-100 million years.The protoplanetary disk is an accretion disk that feeds the central star. Initially very hot, the disk later cools in what is known as the T tauri star stage; here, formation of small dust grains made of rocks and ice is possible. The grains eventually may coagulate into kilometer-sized planetesimals. If the disk is massive enough, the runaway accretions begin, resulting in the rapid—100,000 to 300,000 years—formation of Moon- to Mars-sized planetary embryos. Near the star, the planetary embryos go through a stage of violent mergers, producing a few terrestrial planets. The last stage takes approximately 100 million to a billion years.The formation of giant planets is a more complicated process. It is thought to occur beyond the so-called frost line, where planetary embryos mainly are made of various types of ice. As a result, they are several times more massive than in the inner part of the protoplanetary disk. What follows after the embryo formation is not completely clear. Some embryos appear to continue to grow and eventually reach 5–10 Earth masses—the threshold value, which is necessary to begin accretion of the hydrogen–helium gas from the disk. The accumulation of gas by the core is initially a slow process, which continues for several million years, but after the forming protoplanet reaches about 30 Earth masses (M⊕) it accelerates and proceeds in a runaway manner. Jupiter- and Saturn-like planets are thought to accumulate the bulk of their mass during only 10,000 years. The accretion stops when the gas is exhausted. The formed planets can migrate over long distances during or after their formation. Ice giants such as Uranus and Neptune are thought to be failed cores, which formed too late when the disk had almost disappeared.
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