Laser Doppler Flowmetry - a Theoretical Framework
... In equation 3.1, it can be seen that larger scattering angles will generally give a larger frequency shift, with the largest possible shift for photons reflected straight back against the incoming direction ( = rad). Biological tissue is a turbid medium where photons are multiple scattered. However ...
... In equation 3.1, it can be seen that larger scattering angles will generally give a larger frequency shift, with the largest possible shift for photons reflected straight back against the incoming direction ( = rad). Biological tissue is a turbid medium where photons are multiple scattered. However ...
Keysight Technologies High Speed Lightwave Component Analysis
... The concept of lightwave component analysis is straightforward. Measurements are made of the small-signal linear transmission and reflection characteristics of a variety of lightwave components. A lightwave component analyzer consists of a microwave network analyzer with an optical test set attached ...
... The concept of lightwave component analysis is straightforward. Measurements are made of the small-signal linear transmission and reflection characteristics of a variety of lightwave components. A lightwave component analyzer consists of a microwave network analyzer with an optical test set attached ...
Design of Low Phase Noise LC VCO for UHF RFID Reader
... phase noise and low spur levels becomes more critical for RFID reader [1]-[3]. Voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) is the essential building block of frequency synthesizers. ...
... phase noise and low spur levels becomes more critical for RFID reader [1]-[3]. Voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) is the essential building block of frequency synthesizers. ...
A 1.2 V, 0.84 pJ/Conv.-Step Ultra-low Power Capacitance to Digital
... normalized sampling frequency of 1Hz. An active-RC integrator and a VCO-integrator realize the loop filters for the modulator. A cascade of integrators with distributed feedback (CIFB) topology is employed to keep the inputs to the VCO within its linear range of operation. The CVC is designed with a ...
... normalized sampling frequency of 1Hz. An active-RC integrator and a VCO-integrator realize the loop filters for the modulator. A cascade of integrators with distributed feedback (CIFB) topology is employed to keep the inputs to the VCO within its linear range of operation. The CVC is designed with a ...
LI-840A CO2/HsO Gas Analyzer Brochure - LI
... • High stability with low zero and span drift • <1 ppm signal noise at 370 ppm CO2, <0.01 ppt at 10 ppt for H2O ...
... • High stability with low zero and span drift • <1 ppm signal noise at 370 ppm CO2, <0.01 ppt at 10 ppt for H2O ...
40-Gb/s Transimpedance Amplifier in 0.18
... rest of the capacitances can be resonated in parallel with Ld1 to obtain an ultra-wide bandwidth. Based on the circuit shown in Fig. 1, Fig. 2 plots the frequency response of the above four conditions, where ω0 and the DC gain are normalized, and Rd1 and Rd2 are set to be equal. In addition, the rat ...
... rest of the capacitances can be resonated in parallel with Ld1 to obtain an ultra-wide bandwidth. Based on the circuit shown in Fig. 1, Fig. 2 plots the frequency response of the above four conditions, where ω0 and the DC gain are normalized, and Rd1 and Rd2 are set to be equal. In addition, the rat ...
LOW, HIGH, AND BAND PASS BUTTERWORTH FILTERS
... in the output signal. This is done at the cost of the amplifier bandwidth. In most of the filter applications such trade-off is required. To obtain a large bandwidth, passive filters are used. The most important active element for designing an active filter is operational amplifier (Opamp). In this ...
... in the output signal. This is done at the cost of the amplifier bandwidth. In most of the filter applications such trade-off is required. To obtain a large bandwidth, passive filters are used. The most important active element for designing an active filter is operational amplifier (Opamp). In this ...
10GEPON Burst Receiver
... Long sequence of consecutive bits can significantly change the DC level of the data and the optimum threshold voltage ...
... Long sequence of consecutive bits can significantly change the DC level of the data and the optimum threshold voltage ...
Spectrum analyzer
A spectrum analyzer measures the magnitude of an input signal versus frequency within the full frequency range of the instrument. The primary use is to measure the power of the spectrum of known and unknown signals. The input signal that a spectrum analyzer measures is electrical, however, spectral compositions of other signals, such as acoustic pressure waves and optical light waves, can be considered through the use of an appropriate transducer. Optical spectrum analyzers also exist, which use direct optical techniques such as a monochromator to make measurements.By analyzing the spectra of electrical signals, dominant frequency, power, distortion, harmonics, bandwidth, and other spectral components of a signal can be observed that are not easily detectable in time domain waveforms. These parameters are useful in the characterization of electronic devices, such as wireless transmitters.The display of a spectrum analyzer has frequency on the horizontal axis and the amplitude displayed on the vertical axis. To the casual observer, a spectrum analyzer looks like an oscilloscope and, in fact, some lab instruments can function either as an oscilloscope or a spectrum analyzer.