Radio Receivers
... The harmonics are substantially reduced by the use of band pass filter which passes only the minimum bandwidth necessary to preserve the information signal. The If amplifiers are specially designed for ideal saturation and is called limiter. The detector stage consists of discriminator and de-emphas ...
... The harmonics are substantially reduced by the use of band pass filter which passes only the minimum bandwidth necessary to preserve the information signal. The If amplifiers are specially designed for ideal saturation and is called limiter. The detector stage consists of discriminator and de-emphas ...
The Synthesizer
... output circuit. This can be seen in Figure 1, which shows a block diagram of the synthesizer. By using low as well as high side local oscillator injection, an even narrower VCO range is possible but is not used here. The controller software does however support this if you wish to experiment with it ...
... output circuit. This can be seen in Figure 1, which shows a block diagram of the synthesizer. By using low as well as high side local oscillator injection, an even narrower VCO range is possible but is not used here. The controller software does however support this if you wish to experiment with it ...
Development of a New Optical Wavelength Rejection Filter
... different conditions. The rejection wavelength maximum for this filter is ~514.5 nm for 0 = 90 °, and thus this filter is ideal for rejecting the green 514.5 nm line of the Ar ÷ laser. For a particular sphere concentration altering the angle 0 between the plane of the filter and the incident light b ...
... different conditions. The rejection wavelength maximum for this filter is ~514.5 nm for 0 = 90 °, and thus this filter is ideal for rejecting the green 514.5 nm line of the Ar ÷ laser. For a particular sphere concentration altering the angle 0 between the plane of the filter and the incident light b ...
Physical basis of colors seen in Congo red-stained amyloid
... be crossed. When Congo red-stained amyloid is considered, this arrangement is what is usually meant by ‘polarized light,’ but a more accurate expression is examination of a specimen between crossed polarizer and analyzer. There are two observations to explain, namely, how Congo red-stained amyloid a ...
... be crossed. When Congo red-stained amyloid is considered, this arrangement is what is usually meant by ‘polarized light,’ but a more accurate expression is examination of a specimen between crossed polarizer and analyzer. There are two observations to explain, namely, how Congo red-stained amyloid a ...
High Pass Filters A High Pass Filter or HPF, is the exact opposite to
... 1/(2πRC). The phase angle of the resulting output signal at ƒc is +45o. Generally, the high pass filter is less distorting than its The cut-off frequency, corner frequency or -3dB point of a high pass filter can be found using the standard formula of: equivalent low pass filter due to the higher ope ...
... 1/(2πRC). The phase angle of the resulting output signal at ƒc is +45o. Generally, the high pass filter is less distorting than its The cut-off frequency, corner frequency or -3dB point of a high pass filter can be found using the standard formula of: equivalent low pass filter due to the higher ope ...
Measuring Output VSWR For An Active Levelled Source
... output and reflected signals adding; and show a minima when they are in anti-phase, the reflected signal subtracting from the original output signal. The maximum to minimum level of the combined output signal gives the peak to peak value of the reflected signal. Therefore by changing the phase relat ...
... output and reflected signals adding; and show a minima when they are in anti-phase, the reflected signal subtracting from the original output signal. The maximum to minimum level of the combined output signal gives the peak to peak value of the reflected signal. Therefore by changing the phase relat ...
Department of Physics, Technical University Ostrava 17. listopadu
... dispersion balanced interferometers our measurement techniques are characterized by the range of measurable distances dependent on the amount of dispersion in the interferometer [13–15]. We have also demonstrated [15] that processing of the recorded spectral interferograms using a leastsquares metho ...
... dispersion balanced interferometers our measurement techniques are characterized by the range of measurable distances dependent on the amount of dispersion in the interferometer [13–15]. We have also demonstrated [15] that processing of the recorded spectral interferograms using a leastsquares metho ...
Guidelines for Measuring Audio Power Amplifier
... the pulse-width modulated class-D output waveform. This filter has little effect on the measurement accuracy because the cutoff frequency is set above the audio band. The high frequency of the square wave has negligible impact on measurement accuracy because it is well above the audible frequency ra ...
... the pulse-width modulated class-D output waveform. This filter has little effect on the measurement accuracy because the cutoff frequency is set above the audio band. The high frequency of the square wave has negligible impact on measurement accuracy because it is well above the audible frequency ra ...
Lecture material
... Generally, the signal-to-noise ratio and the power of the signal at the output of the audio section are used to determine the quality of a received signal and whether it is usable or not. • For commercial AM broadcast band receivers, a 10-dB or more signal-to-noise ratio with 1/2 W (27 dBm) of power ...
... Generally, the signal-to-noise ratio and the power of the signal at the output of the audio section are used to determine the quality of a received signal and whether it is usable or not. • For commercial AM broadcast band receivers, a 10-dB or more signal-to-noise ratio with 1/2 W (27 dBm) of power ...
unit iii analog multiplier and pll
... The three main components of the FM detection system are voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) , Loop filter and phase detector. In most PLL ICS, VCO and phase comparator are on chip and external terminals are provided for connecting loop filter. Assume that input signal contains modulated angel ...
... The three main components of the FM detection system are voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) , Loop filter and phase detector. In most PLL ICS, VCO and phase comparator are on chip and external terminals are provided for connecting loop filter. Assume that input signal contains modulated angel ...
Phase Jitter Application Note
... Since all frequency control devices will have some level of short-term instability, it is necessary to have quantifiable measures. Phase Noise, Allan Variance, Phase Jitter, Wander, Time Interval Error, Cycle-toCycle Jitter, Period Jitter, RMS vs. Peak-to-Peak vs. 1σ, and Bandwidth Limited Jitter ar ...
... Since all frequency control devices will have some level of short-term instability, it is necessary to have quantifiable measures. Phase Noise, Allan Variance, Phase Jitter, Wander, Time Interval Error, Cycle-toCycle Jitter, Period Jitter, RMS vs. Peak-to-Peak vs. 1σ, and Bandwidth Limited Jitter ar ...
LTC6909 - 1 to 8 Output, Multiphase Silicon
... The PH0, PH1 and PH2 pins are standard logic input pins. These pins do not have any active pull-up or pull-down circuitry. As such, they cannot be left floating and must be connected to a valid logic high or low voltage. The PH0, PH1 and PH2 pin connections not only divide the master oscillator freq ...
... The PH0, PH1 and PH2 pins are standard logic input pins. These pins do not have any active pull-up or pull-down circuitry. As such, they cannot be left floating and must be connected to a valid logic high or low voltage. The PH0, PH1 and PH2 pin connections not only divide the master oscillator freq ...
Spectrum analyzer
A spectrum analyzer measures the magnitude of an input signal versus frequency within the full frequency range of the instrument. The primary use is to measure the power of the spectrum of known and unknown signals. The input signal that a spectrum analyzer measures is electrical, however, spectral compositions of other signals, such as acoustic pressure waves and optical light waves, can be considered through the use of an appropriate transducer. Optical spectrum analyzers also exist, which use direct optical techniques such as a monochromator to make measurements.By analyzing the spectra of electrical signals, dominant frequency, power, distortion, harmonics, bandwidth, and other spectral components of a signal can be observed that are not easily detectable in time domain waveforms. These parameters are useful in the characterization of electronic devices, such as wireless transmitters.The display of a spectrum analyzer has frequency on the horizontal axis and the amplitude displayed on the vertical axis. To the casual observer, a spectrum analyzer looks like an oscilloscope and, in fact, some lab instruments can function either as an oscilloscope or a spectrum analyzer.