Hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death in cultured Aplysia sensory
... can lead to impaired development and degenerative diseases, whereas too little can lead to cancer [38]. Therefore, it is very important that we understand the mechanisms of cell death from the pathological aspect. The two different patterns of cell death, apoptosis and necrosis, can be distinguished ...
... can lead to impaired development and degenerative diseases, whereas too little can lead to cancer [38]. Therefore, it is very important that we understand the mechanisms of cell death from the pathological aspect. The two different patterns of cell death, apoptosis and necrosis, can be distinguished ...
Not all vosial categorization tasks require attention
... Our monkey recordings showed that, for the neurons selected under the conditions described above, a large fraction of each neuron’s responses to multiple objects could be reliably predicted as the average of its responses to the constituent objects in isolation. In particular, the agreement of neuro ...
... Our monkey recordings showed that, for the neurons selected under the conditions described above, a large fraction of each neuron’s responses to multiple objects could be reliably predicted as the average of its responses to the constituent objects in isolation. In particular, the agreement of neuro ...
Mammalian Cerebral Cortex: Embryonic Development
... establishment, throughout the embryonic cerebrum, of the primordial cortical organization follows a ventral (proximal) to dorsal (distal) gradient that coincides with the advancing penetration of primordial corticipetal fibers and of migrating primordial neurons throughout the cortex subpial region. ...
... establishment, throughout the embryonic cerebrum, of the primordial cortical organization follows a ventral (proximal) to dorsal (distal) gradient that coincides with the advancing penetration of primordial corticipetal fibers and of migrating primordial neurons throughout the cortex subpial region. ...
Childhood Experience and the Expression of Genetic Potential
... while others will not. Again, this process appears to have genetic and environmental determinants. Neurons that make synaptic connections with others and have an adequate level of activation will survive; neurons with little activity resorb. This is one example of a general principle of activity-dep ...
... while others will not. Again, this process appears to have genetic and environmental determinants. Neurons that make synaptic connections with others and have an adequate level of activation will survive; neurons with little activity resorb. This is one example of a general principle of activity-dep ...
Ectopic brain tissue in the orbit
... fleurettes (Fig. 6). These same cells as well as striated muscle revealed 4+ expression of desmin (Fig. 7). These cells also strongly expressed vimentin, as did neurons, ...
... fleurettes (Fig. 6). These same cells as well as striated muscle revealed 4+ expression of desmin (Fig. 7). These cells also strongly expressed vimentin, as did neurons, ...
path430_826-week10-PD
... • Note: the above list indicates regions of preferential, but not exclusive, neuronal loss. For example, in AD there is also degeneration and loss of neurons in subcortical structures and brainstem, and in HD there is also neuronal loss in the cerebral cortex. ...
... • Note: the above list indicates regions of preferential, but not exclusive, neuronal loss. For example, in AD there is also degeneration and loss of neurons in subcortical structures and brainstem, and in HD there is also neuronal loss in the cerebral cortex. ...
Nervous System - Mrs. Riggs Online
... action potential [Fig 8.11 p.128]: wave of electrical activity in which a brief (+) charge sweeps through neuron and races down axon; propagated by fast-acting, voltagesensing ion gates that quickly open and close, allowing Na and K ions to briefly flow into and out of cell; after action potential p ...
... action potential [Fig 8.11 p.128]: wave of electrical activity in which a brief (+) charge sweeps through neuron and races down axon; propagated by fast-acting, voltagesensing ion gates that quickly open and close, allowing Na and K ions to briefly flow into and out of cell; after action potential p ...
Target neuron prespecification in the olfactory map of Drosophila
... prespeci®ed by lineage and birth order to form a synapse with speci®c incoming ORN axons, and therefore to carry speci®c olfactory information. This prespeci®cation could be used to hardwire the ¯y's olfactory system, enabling stereotyped behavioural responses to odorants. Developmental studies lead ...
... prespeci®ed by lineage and birth order to form a synapse with speci®c incoming ORN axons, and therefore to carry speci®c olfactory information. This prespeci®cation could be used to hardwire the ¯y's olfactory system, enabling stereotyped behavioural responses to odorants. Developmental studies lead ...
NEURONS, SENSE ORGANS, AND NERVOUS SYSTEMS
... • Glial cells, or glia or neuroglia is the second major type of cell in the nervous system – 50% of the mammalian brain are glial cells – There are several distinct types of glial cells that have distinct roles. ...
... • Glial cells, or glia or neuroglia is the second major type of cell in the nervous system – 50% of the mammalian brain are glial cells – There are several distinct types of glial cells that have distinct roles. ...
Quick Quiz One
... 4. As she walks out of the living room, Gloriann turns out the light. In this example, Gloriann’s __________ is active. a) sympathetic nervous system b) parasympathetic nervous system c) autonomic nervous system d) somatic nervous system 5. The thick band of neurons that connects the right and left ...
... 4. As she walks out of the living room, Gloriann turns out the light. In this example, Gloriann’s __________ is active. a) sympathetic nervous system b) parasympathetic nervous system c) autonomic nervous system d) somatic nervous system 5. The thick band of neurons that connects the right and left ...
Visually guided behavior in drosophila
... items for pattern recognition (Zhu, 2013). From the medulla, the information flows into the lobula complex. This complex contains the lobula and lobula plate, and the retinotopic map is loosely preserved there too (Paulk et al., 2013). Following the optic lobe, the information flows into the central ...
... items for pattern recognition (Zhu, 2013). From the medulla, the information flows into the lobula complex. This complex contains the lobula and lobula plate, and the retinotopic map is loosely preserved there too (Paulk et al., 2013). Following the optic lobe, the information flows into the central ...
Phenomenology without conscious access is a form of
... One might erroneously assume that sensations are “raw” – that they do not need to be prepared in a fashion to make them accessible to cognition. Sensations do not, however, correspond simply to the activity of sensory receptors. In color vision, for example, color appearance is far more closely rela ...
... One might erroneously assume that sensations are “raw” – that they do not need to be prepared in a fashion to make them accessible to cognition. Sensations do not, however, correspond simply to the activity of sensory receptors. In color vision, for example, color appearance is far more closely rela ...
Proceedings from the 2015 UK-Korea Neuroscience Symposium
... explaining human perception and behavior. Our new genetically controlled method to resolve synapses at the level of LM, termed mammalian GFP reconstitution across synaptic partners (mGRASP), is synapse-specific labeling with two complementary GFP components. mGRASP is based on two non-fluorescent sp ...
... explaining human perception and behavior. Our new genetically controlled method to resolve synapses at the level of LM, termed mammalian GFP reconstitution across synaptic partners (mGRASP), is synapse-specific labeling with two complementary GFP components. mGRASP is based on two non-fluorescent sp ...
6 Ways to Boost Brain Power
... actual brain changes caused by meditation by sticking meditators into brain-imaging machines. For one, although the brain’s cells typically fire at all different times, during meditation they fire in synchrony. Expert meditators also show spikes of brain activity in the left prefrontal cortex, an ar ...
... actual brain changes caused by meditation by sticking meditators into brain-imaging machines. For one, although the brain’s cells typically fire at all different times, during meditation they fire in synchrony. Expert meditators also show spikes of brain activity in the left prefrontal cortex, an ar ...
Malformations - Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge
... •migration of last neuroblasts from the external to the internal granular layer: first post-natal year Cerebral cortex •migration of neuroblast to cerebral cortical plate starts by week 7 and finishes at about month 6 ...
... •migration of last neuroblasts from the external to the internal granular layer: first post-natal year Cerebral cortex •migration of neuroblast to cerebral cortical plate starts by week 7 and finishes at about month 6 ...
Brain Gas
... But perhaps the most interesting reason to study olfaction in honey bees is the striking similarities we see between the neural wiring in their brains and in ours. All animals that smell have a specific region of their brains that process incoming olfactory information. In most vertebrates (animals ...
... But perhaps the most interesting reason to study olfaction in honey bees is the striking similarities we see between the neural wiring in their brains and in ours. All animals that smell have a specific region of their brains that process incoming olfactory information. In most vertebrates (animals ...
Regionalization of the nervous system 2
... field was the discovery of a localized source for morphogens known as the Spemann organizer (Spemann and Mangold, 1924). The term ‘morphogen’ was coined by Turing, who described how uniformly distributed signals made by cells can spread, self-organize, and generate pattern (Turing, 1952). The Turing ...
... field was the discovery of a localized source for morphogens known as the Spemann organizer (Spemann and Mangold, 1924). The term ‘morphogen’ was coined by Turing, who described how uniformly distributed signals made by cells can spread, self-organize, and generate pattern (Turing, 1952). The Turing ...
The Electrotonic Transformation: a Tool for Relating Neuronal Form
... neuron as viewed from the soma (cell 524, Figure 3). We also extended the use of the transformation to the study of associative interactions between “teacher” and “student” synapses by analyzing this cell from the viewpoint of a “student” synapse located in the apical dendrites (Fig. 4A), contrastin ...
... neuron as viewed from the soma (cell 524, Figure 3). We also extended the use of the transformation to the study of associative interactions between “teacher” and “student” synapses by analyzing this cell from the viewpoint of a “student” synapse located in the apical dendrites (Fig. 4A), contrastin ...
The Retrotrapezoid Nucleus and Central Chemoreception
... The functional role of retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) neurons as the central chemoreceptors and the potential implications of Phox2b expressed in these neurons will be discussed. RTN resides at the ventral medullary surface. RTN lesions reduce central respiratory chemoreception (CRC). RTN neurons are ...
... The functional role of retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) neurons as the central chemoreceptors and the potential implications of Phox2b expressed in these neurons will be discussed. RTN resides at the ventral medullary surface. RTN lesions reduce central respiratory chemoreception (CRC). RTN neurons are ...
sensory neurons
... ► In fishes, amphibians, and reptiles, the cerebrum, or “thinking” region, is relatively small ► In birds and mammals, and especially in primates, the cerebrum is much larger and may contain folds that increase its surface area ► The cerebellum is also most highly developed in birds and mammals ...
... ► In fishes, amphibians, and reptiles, the cerebrum, or “thinking” region, is relatively small ► In birds and mammals, and especially in primates, the cerebrum is much larger and may contain folds that increase its surface area ► The cerebellum is also most highly developed in birds and mammals ...
Abstract Booklet
... visual feedback about their finger location was rotated by 30 deg about the start location. Moreover, the error in the movement direction with respect to the required direction was multiplied by a gain factor to determine the displayed finger position. We tested four groups of subjects with gains of ...
... visual feedback about their finger location was rotated by 30 deg about the start location. Moreover, the error in the movement direction with respect to the required direction was multiplied by a gain factor to determine the displayed finger position. We tested four groups of subjects with gains of ...
Two-photon imaging and analysis of neural network dynamics
... electrophysiological technique that has been applied in vivo is intracellular recording using either sharp glass electrodes or the patch-clamp technique (Chorev et al 2009). With intracellular recording the subthreshold membrane potential dynamics can be resolved, in particular synaptically induced ...
... electrophysiological technique that has been applied in vivo is intracellular recording using either sharp glass electrodes or the patch-clamp technique (Chorev et al 2009). With intracellular recording the subthreshold membrane potential dynamics can be resolved, in particular synaptically induced ...
Chapter Two - Texas Christian University
... polarity which results in a graded potential. When there are enough graded potentials in succession, channels open allowing positive ions from the outside to enter the interior of the neuron. Entrance of the positive ions into the cell body depolarizes the neuron, changing the interior from negative ...
... polarity which results in a graded potential. When there are enough graded potentials in succession, channels open allowing positive ions from the outside to enter the interior of the neuron. Entrance of the positive ions into the cell body depolarizes the neuron, changing the interior from negative ...
The Biological Basis for Behavior
... • A. Tools of Discovery – 1. Lesions and Accidents= • a. Tissue destruction. A brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue • b. Used to determine the impact on the brain functioning ...
... • A. Tools of Discovery – 1. Lesions and Accidents= • a. Tissue destruction. A brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue • b. Used to determine the impact on the brain functioning ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.