Spinal Cord
... 3) Others: Transmit information between different levels of brain and spinal cord. ...
... 3) Others: Transmit information between different levels of brain and spinal cord. ...
The auditory pathway: Levels of integration of information and
... ganglion of Corti (SGC), the auditory nerve (AN), the cochlear nuclei (CN), the superior olivary complex (SOC), the lateral lemniscus (LL), the inferior colliculus (IC), the medial geniculate body and the AC, including the auditory efferent pathway, are given. We describe how electrical impulses tra ...
... ganglion of Corti (SGC), the auditory nerve (AN), the cochlear nuclei (CN), the superior olivary complex (SOC), the lateral lemniscus (LL), the inferior colliculus (IC), the medial geniculate body and the AC, including the auditory efferent pathway, are given. We describe how electrical impulses tra ...
Sparse Coding in the Neocortex
... contributing to the utility of center-surround receptive field organization, along with decorrelation and response gain. Furthermore, sparse codes of natural sounds have been shown to produce temporal response profiles with properties similar to those of early auditory neurons (Lewicki, 2002). This ...
... contributing to the utility of center-surround receptive field organization, along with decorrelation and response gain. Furthermore, sparse codes of natural sounds have been shown to produce temporal response profiles with properties similar to those of early auditory neurons (Lewicki, 2002). This ...
Autonomic nervous system
... belong to three categories with different effects on their target organs (see below “Function”): sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric. Sympathetic ganglia are located in two sympathetic chains close to the spinal cord: the prevertebral and pre-aortic chains. Parasympathetic ganglia, in contrast, ...
... belong to three categories with different effects on their target organs (see below “Function”): sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric. Sympathetic ganglia are located in two sympathetic chains close to the spinal cord: the prevertebral and pre-aortic chains. Parasympathetic ganglia, in contrast, ...
A Fast, Reciprocal Pathway between the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
... collision trials (red traces). In a collision trial, a spontaneous spike from the recorded cortical neuron triggers the electrical shock. If the neuron is a GR neuron that receives feedforward input from the LGN, then the spontaneous spike will not affect the propagation of the orthodromic spike and ...
... collision trials (red traces). In a collision trial, a spontaneous spike from the recorded cortical neuron triggers the electrical shock. If the neuron is a GR neuron that receives feedforward input from the LGN, then the spontaneous spike will not affect the propagation of the orthodromic spike and ...
4-Taste and smell - Science-with
... /espv2/data/animals/003/index.html Click on taste sensation ...
... /espv2/data/animals/003/index.html Click on taste sensation ...
Posterior Pituitary
... these neurons are in the hypothalamus. The posterior pituitary and the infundibulum together are referred to as the neurohypophysis. The posterior pituitary does not produce hormones, but stores hormones produced by the hypothalamus and release them into the bloodstream. The hormones antidiuretic ho ...
... these neurons are in the hypothalamus. The posterior pituitary and the infundibulum together are referred to as the neurohypophysis. The posterior pituitary does not produce hormones, but stores hormones produced by the hypothalamus and release them into the bloodstream. The hormones antidiuretic ho ...
CE7427: Cognitive Neuroscience and Embedded Intelligence
... • nucleus accumbens, orbitofrontal cortex, brain stem … • What is life? consciousness? reality? good and evil? Evolutionary thinking may answer some “why” questions, why something has been useful and therefore has evolved increasing the chances of survival. Science is focused on answering what quest ...
... • nucleus accumbens, orbitofrontal cortex, brain stem … • What is life? consciousness? reality? good and evil? Evolutionary thinking may answer some “why” questions, why something has been useful and therefore has evolved increasing the chances of survival. Science is focused on answering what quest ...
On the Role of the Pontine Brainstem in Vocal Pattern Generation: A
... analysis. For the identification of vocalizationcorrelated and auditory units, conventional perievent time histograms (PETHs) and peristimulus time histograms, respectively, were constructed. As a reference for the PETHs, the start of the vocalization was determined by examining the sonogram of the ...
... analysis. For the identification of vocalizationcorrelated and auditory units, conventional perievent time histograms (PETHs) and peristimulus time histograms, respectively, were constructed. As a reference for the PETHs, the start of the vocalization was determined by examining the sonogram of the ...
Parkinson`s Disease Glossary A guide to the scientific language of
... Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRi): An imaging technique designed specifically for the brain. It measures the rate at which oxygen is removed from the blood to the cells, therefore suggesting the activity of a particular area of the brain. GABA (gamma amino butyric acid): The principal inh ...
... Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRi): An imaging technique designed specifically for the brain. It measures the rate at which oxygen is removed from the blood to the cells, therefore suggesting the activity of a particular area of the brain. GABA (gamma amino butyric acid): The principal inh ...
Skeletal System
... Axons with larger diameters conduct impulses faster than those of smaller diameters because of the basic laws of physics: The resistance to the passage of an electrical current decreases as the diameter of any “cable” increases ...
... Axons with larger diameters conduct impulses faster than those of smaller diameters because of the basic laws of physics: The resistance to the passage of an electrical current decreases as the diameter of any “cable” increases ...
P312Ch11_Auditory III (Coding Frequency And Intensity
... sounds whose frequencies are as high as 20,000 Hz, but neurons cannot respond at rates higher than 1000 action potentials per second, if that high. So the theory, unaltered, cannot account for our ability to hear sounds above 1000 Hz. One attempt to salvage temporal theory: Volley principle. Propose ...
... sounds whose frequencies are as high as 20,000 Hz, but neurons cannot respond at rates higher than 1000 action potentials per second, if that high. So the theory, unaltered, cannot account for our ability to hear sounds above 1000 Hz. One attempt to salvage temporal theory: Volley principle. Propose ...
stereological estimates of dopaminergic, gabaergic and
... Abstract—Midbrain dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra and retrorubral field play key roles in reward processing, learning and memory, and movement. Within these midbrain regions and admixed with the dopamine neurons, are also substantial populations of GABAergic neurons ...
... Abstract—Midbrain dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra and retrorubral field play key roles in reward processing, learning and memory, and movement. Within these midbrain regions and admixed with the dopamine neurons, are also substantial populations of GABAergic neurons ...
The Physiology of the Senses Lecture 1
... In the next, light hits the left rod. This causes inhibition of the ganglion cell ( one - and no +) In the next, light hits the two left most rods. One + is worth 2 -, so the net effect is excitation. Finally all the rods see light and the 2 -’s cancel the 1 +, producing the same basal firing rate a ...
... In the next, light hits the left rod. This causes inhibition of the ganglion cell ( one - and no +) In the next, light hits the two left most rods. One + is worth 2 -, so the net effect is excitation. Finally all the rods see light and the 2 -’s cancel the 1 +, producing the same basal firing rate a ...
Motor Cortical Networks for Skilled Movements Have Reaching
... 2.2. Histological Location and Classification of Neurons. A description of the experimental data used in our study is summarized in Table 1. In the present study, we have selected simultaneous ensemble neuron recordings from 2 animals and 8 independent datasets. The selection criterion ensured that ...
... 2.2. Histological Location and Classification of Neurons. A description of the experimental data used in our study is summarized in Table 1. In the present study, we have selected simultaneous ensemble neuron recordings from 2 animals and 8 independent datasets. The selection criterion ensured that ...
Comprehensive imaging of cortical networks
... between sensitive small-molecule sensors, which need to be loaded into brain tissue using invasive chemical methods [25], and less sensitive protein sensors, which can be delivered using the versatile tools of molecular genetics [26]. Recent efforts in protein engineering [16,27,28,29,30] have ...
... between sensitive small-molecule sensors, which need to be loaded into brain tissue using invasive chemical methods [25], and less sensitive protein sensors, which can be delivered using the versatile tools of molecular genetics [26]. Recent efforts in protein engineering [16,27,28,29,30] have ...
Neural Network
... from the cell body out to other neurons Synapse(突觸): contact between an axon of one cell and a dendrites of another cell ...
... from the cell body out to other neurons Synapse(突觸): contact between an axon of one cell and a dendrites of another cell ...
Microinfusion of bupropion inhibits putative GABAergic ventral
... One of the old theories about the effects of ADs is increasing the catecholamine levels. The primary explanation about this effect of ADs is the direct effect of ADs on the VTA or other brain nuclei (Chenu et al. 2012). The later discoveries about the mechanisms of ADs revealed that many of these d ...
... One of the old theories about the effects of ADs is increasing the catecholamine levels. The primary explanation about this effect of ADs is the direct effect of ADs on the VTA or other brain nuclei (Chenu et al. 2012). The later discoveries about the mechanisms of ADs revealed that many of these d ...
Nurr1 activates TH gene expression
... AHP cells were allowed to differentiate in the absence of serum and neurotrophins and were evaluated for the presence of TH-immunoreactive neurons (Fig. 1A). A small proportion of the Map2ab-immunoreactive neurons was double labeled for TH (0.9±0.3% in the presence of RA and 1.5±0.4% in the presence ...
... AHP cells were allowed to differentiate in the absence of serum and neurotrophins and were evaluated for the presence of TH-immunoreactive neurons (Fig. 1A). A small proportion of the Map2ab-immunoreactive neurons was double labeled for TH (0.9±0.3% in the presence of RA and 1.5±0.4% in the presence ...
Spinal Cord and the Peripheral Nervous System
... During a physical exam, a doctor will test the patient’s proprioception ability by telling them to close their eyes and place their finger on their nose. This may indicate a lesion in the cerebellum. Who else may ask you to do this test? Alcohol disrupts the cerebellum. ...
... During a physical exam, a doctor will test the patient’s proprioception ability by telling them to close their eyes and place their finger on their nose. This may indicate a lesion in the cerebellum. Who else may ask you to do this test? Alcohol disrupts the cerebellum. ...
Lissencephaly - Cambridge University Press
... brother and sister who died in infancy were said to be exactly like this infant. Two first degree cousins who were also related through both parents were also said to "be the same". They were children of a consanguinous mating and all four parents had one common ancestor (Fig. 1). Unfortunately, nec ...
... brother and sister who died in infancy were said to be exactly like this infant. Two first degree cousins who were also related through both parents were also said to "be the same". They were children of a consanguinous mating and all four parents had one common ancestor (Fig. 1). Unfortunately, nec ...
Commentary on slides for lecture 15
... cat as it walks, trots, paces and gallops. 20. The alternating activity of flexors and extensors has to be changed in order to go from walking to galloping. 21. How are these motor patterns produced? In theory, they could be activated sequentially by sensory feedback from muscle or cutaneous recepto ...
... cat as it walks, trots, paces and gallops. 20. The alternating activity of flexors and extensors has to be changed in order to go from walking to galloping. 21. How are these motor patterns produced? In theory, they could be activated sequentially by sensory feedback from muscle or cutaneous recepto ...
3. Connections of the Hypothalamus
... Monoamine cell groups. Each of the classes of monoamine cell groups in the rat brainstem provides innervation to the hypothalamus. Projections from limbic regions. Hippocampal efferents via the precommissural fornix-lateral septum innervates all three longitudinally organized columns of the hypothal ...
... Monoamine cell groups. Each of the classes of monoamine cell groups in the rat brainstem provides innervation to the hypothalamus. Projections from limbic regions. Hippocampal efferents via the precommissural fornix-lateral septum innervates all three longitudinally organized columns of the hypothal ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.