The Biological Basis of Learning and Individuality
... surgeon at the Montreal Neurological Institute. ver the past several decades, there In the 1940s Penfield began to use electri has been a gradual merger of two cal stimulation to map motor, sensory and originally separate fields of science: language functions in the cortex of patients neurobiology, ...
... surgeon at the Montreal Neurological Institute. ver the past several decades, there In the 1940s Penfield began to use electri has been a gradual merger of two cal stimulation to map motor, sensory and originally separate fields of science: language functions in the cortex of patients neurobiology, ...
Two Kinds of Reverse Inference in Cognitive Neuroscience
... makes essentially the same prediction but, in this case, the uniformity is due to partially overlapping motor processes being engaged in both conditions, as opposed to tokenings of the same concept.4 In short, TT and ST both predict an overlap in part of the neural pattern observed in both conditio ...
... makes essentially the same prediction but, in this case, the uniformity is due to partially overlapping motor processes being engaged in both conditions, as opposed to tokenings of the same concept.4 In short, TT and ST both predict an overlap in part of the neural pattern observed in both conditio ...
Chapter 2: Introduction to Physiology of Perception
... Figure 2.27 Spectral sensitivity curves for rod vision (left) and cone vision (right). The maximum sensitivities of these two curves have been set equal to 1.0. However, the relative sensitivities of the rods and the cones depend on the conditions of adaptation: the cones are more sensitive in the ...
... Figure 2.27 Spectral sensitivity curves for rod vision (left) and cone vision (right). The maximum sensitivities of these two curves have been set equal to 1.0. However, the relative sensitivities of the rods and the cones depend on the conditions of adaptation: the cones are more sensitive in the ...
OTTO LOEWI
... also operated in the somatic nervous system. Research in this area was much more difficult to carry out, but Sir Henry Dale again came to rescue, by proving, in a series of elegant experiments between 1929 and 1936, that acetylcholine was also a neurotransmitter in the neuromotor synapse, and that p ...
... also operated in the somatic nervous system. Research in this area was much more difficult to carry out, but Sir Henry Dale again came to rescue, by proving, in a series of elegant experiments between 1929 and 1936, that acetylcholine was also a neurotransmitter in the neuromotor synapse, and that p ...
Ajna Light Theory and Science Guy Harriman June 2015 The Ajna
... ganglion cell should not be overlooked. Their invertebrate-like phototransduction cascade makes them unique among all other known vertebrate photoreceptors, and provide a window into possible mechanisms of the evolution of the retina. In addition to their intrinsic melanopsin-driven photosensitivity ...
... ganglion cell should not be overlooked. Their invertebrate-like phototransduction cascade makes them unique among all other known vertebrate photoreceptors, and provide a window into possible mechanisms of the evolution of the retina. In addition to their intrinsic melanopsin-driven photosensitivity ...
in brain & spinal cord
... impulse created cell body axon of sensory neuron Synapse interneuron (dendrite cell body axon) synapse motor neuron (dendrite cell body axon) neuromuscular junction ...
... impulse created cell body axon of sensory neuron Synapse interneuron (dendrite cell body axon) synapse motor neuron (dendrite cell body axon) neuromuscular junction ...
Vocal Control Neuron Incorporation Decreases with Age in the Adult
... Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the major brain regions involved in song learning and control. The efferent pathway for song control is highlighted in black. Our main focus is the HVC and the neurons incorporated into the HVC that project to the RA. nAM, Nucleus ambiguus; DLM, medial portion of the d ...
... Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the major brain regions involved in song learning and control. The efferent pathway for song control is highlighted in black. Our main focus is the HVC and the neurons incorporated into the HVC that project to the RA. nAM, Nucleus ambiguus; DLM, medial portion of the d ...
A lineage-related reciprocal inhibition circuitry for sensory
... § – These authors contributed equally to this work * – Corresponding author: frank.Hirth@kcl.ac.uk ...
... § – These authors contributed equally to this work * – Corresponding author: frank.Hirth@kcl.ac.uk ...
Endocrine Hypothalamus and Anterior Pituitary
... – Human dev in olfactory placode • Migrate via olfactory bulb guided by anosmin (neural cell adhesion mol) • Anosmin also reg’s migration olfactory epith (incl those from vomeronasal organ) ...
... – Human dev in olfactory placode • Migrate via olfactory bulb guided by anosmin (neural cell adhesion mol) • Anosmin also reg’s migration olfactory epith (incl those from vomeronasal organ) ...
Roles for miRNAs in Timing Developmental Progression Within
... Drosophila cell culture, the specifics of hormonedependent expression have been less well defined in vivo. Given that the nuclear hormone receptor DAF12 positively (presence of ligand) and negatively (absence of ligand) regulates let-7 expression (Bethke et al., 2009) and that let-7 regulates daf-12 ...
... Drosophila cell culture, the specifics of hormonedependent expression have been less well defined in vivo. Given that the nuclear hormone receptor DAF12 positively (presence of ligand) and negatively (absence of ligand) regulates let-7 expression (Bethke et al., 2009) and that let-7 regulates daf-12 ...
Neurogenesis
... Support for Adult Neurogenesis o3H- Thymidine Autoradiography o Technique used to identify proliferating cells ...
... Support for Adult Neurogenesis o3H- Thymidine Autoradiography o Technique used to identify proliferating cells ...
Linköping University Post Print Imaging phluorin-based probes at hippocampal synapses
... The imaging of pHluorin-based probes at hippocampal synapses has been used to describe the kinetics of endocytosis (6, 10, 11) and to investigate the molecules involved in vesicle retrieval (6). In our hands, sypHy is the best currently available pHluorin-based probe. It is better localised to vesic ...
... The imaging of pHluorin-based probes at hippocampal synapses has been used to describe the kinetics of endocytosis (6, 10, 11) and to investigate the molecules involved in vesicle retrieval (6). In our hands, sypHy is the best currently available pHluorin-based probe. It is better localised to vesic ...
Neurons with Two Sites of Synaptic Integration Learn Invariant
... Several algorithms have been put forward for learning invariances in neural systems corresponding to these principles. Most notable are studies where variables are extracted from the input that smoothly vary in time (principle 1, proposed by Hinton, 1989; Földiak, 1991; Stone & Bray, 1995) or space ...
... Several algorithms have been put forward for learning invariances in neural systems corresponding to these principles. Most notable are studies where variables are extracted from the input that smoothly vary in time (principle 1, proposed by Hinton, 1989; Földiak, 1991; Stone & Bray, 1995) or space ...
Variance and invariance of neuronal long
... recording sites [24] are likely to yield higher numbers of chronically recorded cells in the future. To further overcome electrode drift, injectable mesh electrodes have been developed that minimize shear forces relative to the surrounding tissue [25]. Using this approach, exceptionally stable longt ...
... recording sites [24] are likely to yield higher numbers of chronically recorded cells in the future. To further overcome electrode drift, injectable mesh electrodes have been developed that minimize shear forces relative to the surrounding tissue [25]. Using this approach, exceptionally stable longt ...
Lack of response suppression follows repeated ventral tegmental
... School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK ...
... School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK ...
A quick tour of the auditory system
... Mechanical stimulus into electrical signals • Basilar membrane vibrates up and down with sound wave, causing shearing motion by tectorial membrane - hair bundles are deflected • Bending of hair cell back and forth: excitation and inhibition ...
... Mechanical stimulus into electrical signals • Basilar membrane vibrates up and down with sound wave, causing shearing motion by tectorial membrane - hair bundles are deflected • Bending of hair cell back and forth: excitation and inhibition ...
Nervous System WS (handed out after section exam)
... f. What part of the neuron is usually wrapped in myelin sheath? The myelin sheath is responsible for saltatory conduction / transmission. This is where the electrical impulses jump from one node of Ranvier to the next node. This increases the speed of the nerve impulse. The speed increases becau ...
... f. What part of the neuron is usually wrapped in myelin sheath? The myelin sheath is responsible for saltatory conduction / transmission. This is where the electrical impulses jump from one node of Ranvier to the next node. This increases the speed of the nerve impulse. The speed increases becau ...
The Uniqueness of the Message in a Retinal Ganglion
... Our results indicate that the responses of cat retinal ganglion cells to stimuli are unique, implying that an individual retinal ganglion cell does not employ more than one state and more than one neural coding scheme. The responses from different cells of the same type are also quite stereotyped. T ...
... Our results indicate that the responses of cat retinal ganglion cells to stimuli are unique, implying that an individual retinal ganglion cell does not employ more than one state and more than one neural coding scheme. The responses from different cells of the same type are also quite stereotyped. T ...
Cerebral Cortex
... respect cytoarchitectonic boundaries arise in so-called nonspecific nuclei of the thalamus, in the noradrenergic cells of the locus coeruleus, serotoninergic cells of the midbrain, cholinergic cells of the basal forebrain, and, for many cortical areas, in the dopaminergic cells of the midbrain. It i ...
... respect cytoarchitectonic boundaries arise in so-called nonspecific nuclei of the thalamus, in the noradrenergic cells of the locus coeruleus, serotoninergic cells of the midbrain, cholinergic cells of the basal forebrain, and, for many cortical areas, in the dopaminergic cells of the midbrain. It i ...
Rate versus Temporal Coding Models
... changing the rate at which they emit spikes. The spike `rate code' is thus well established as the vanguard neural code, and we will consider its role in temporal coding in a moment. However, there may be other ways to encode information in spike trains in addition to spike rate. In principle, these ...
... changing the rate at which they emit spikes. The spike `rate code' is thus well established as the vanguard neural code, and we will consider its role in temporal coding in a moment. However, there may be other ways to encode information in spike trains in addition to spike rate. In principle, these ...
The Endogenously Active Brain: The Need for an
... a task or stimulus, which is represented and the representation is then transformed via operations specified by the architecture. This reactive conception of cognition (it occurs in response to a stimulus) has also been shared as the neurosciences began to provide insight into the representations an ...
... a task or stimulus, which is represented and the representation is then transformed via operations specified by the architecture. This reactive conception of cognition (it occurs in response to a stimulus) has also been shared as the neurosciences began to provide insight into the representations an ...
Chapter 2
... • Computed tomography (CT) - brain-imaging method using computer controlled X-rays of the brain. • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) - brain-imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields. FMRImore detailed ...
... • Computed tomography (CT) - brain-imaging method using computer controlled X-rays of the brain. • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) - brain-imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields. FMRImore detailed ...
Aneuploidy and DNA Replication in the Normal Human Brain and
... immunoreactivity for neurofilaments (SMI 311) were cut from brain slices with a laser microdissector (PALM MicroBeam; P.A.L.M. Microlaser Technologies, Bernried, Germany) and subsequently subjected to DNA quantification. DNA content of individual neurons was quantified through real-time PCR amplific ...
... immunoreactivity for neurofilaments (SMI 311) were cut from brain slices with a laser microdissector (PALM MicroBeam; P.A.L.M. Microlaser Technologies, Bernried, Germany) and subsequently subjected to DNA quantification. DNA content of individual neurons was quantified through real-time PCR amplific ...
Slide 1
... impairment, especially memory due to a shortage of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Primarily affects neurons in the limbic system and frontal lobe. See plaques (beta amyloid) in brain tissue and abnormal, tangled neurons. – Symptoms: Progresses from memory lapses to severe memory loss, especiall ...
... impairment, especially memory due to a shortage of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Primarily affects neurons in the limbic system and frontal lobe. See plaques (beta amyloid) in brain tissue and abnormal, tangled neurons. – Symptoms: Progresses from memory lapses to severe memory loss, especiall ...
INFORMATION PROCESSING WITH POPULATION CODES
... A fundamental problem in computational neuroscience concerns how information is encoded by the neural architecture of the brain. What are the units of computation and how is information represented at the neural level? An important part of the answers to these questions is that individual elements o ...
... A fundamental problem in computational neuroscience concerns how information is encoded by the neural architecture of the brain. What are the units of computation and how is information represented at the neural level? An important part of the answers to these questions is that individual elements o ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.