see p. A4b - Viktor`s Notes for the Neurosurgery Resident
... NEUROTRANSMITTER – endogenous chemical agent that relays information from one neuron to another through synapse; released by presynaptic cell (upon excitation), crosses synapse to stimulate or inhibit* postsynaptic cell by binding to receptor. *final result (hyperpolarization or depolarization) is d ...
... NEUROTRANSMITTER – endogenous chemical agent that relays information from one neuron to another through synapse; released by presynaptic cell (upon excitation), crosses synapse to stimulate or inhibit* postsynaptic cell by binding to receptor. *final result (hyperpolarization or depolarization) is d ...
Decoupling Neural Networks From Reality: Dissociative Experiences
... Disorders (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994), and 1 gave unreliable information. The remaining 23 individuals were included in our study. All were asylum seekers and had been referred to the clinic by human-rights organizations, medical doctors, and lawyers for clinical examination and ...
... Disorders (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994), and 1 gave unreliable information. The remaining 23 individuals were included in our study. All were asylum seekers and had been referred to the clinic by human-rights organizations, medical doctors, and lawyers for clinical examination and ...
Hippocampus – Why is it studied so frequently?
... Gathered data on intrinsic hippocampal neuronal connections showed that each part of hippocampal formation gives fibers to neighboring regions but does not always get reciprocal connections 35. That is not the case with neocortical areas which are generally reciprocally interconnected 36. Unidirecti ...
... Gathered data on intrinsic hippocampal neuronal connections showed that each part of hippocampal formation gives fibers to neighboring regions but does not always get reciprocal connections 35. That is not the case with neocortical areas which are generally reciprocally interconnected 36. Unidirecti ...
Differential effects of nicotine on the activity of substantia nigra and
... Grenhoff et al. 1986, Mereu et al. 1987) and in vitro (Calabresi et al. 1989, Grillner and Svensson 2000, Pidoplichko et al. 1997, Sorenson et al. 1998, Yin and French 2000), and enhances dopamine release from striatal nerve terminals (Blaha and Winn 1993, Blaha et al. 1996, Nisell et al. 1994a,b). ...
... Grenhoff et al. 1986, Mereu et al. 1987) and in vitro (Calabresi et al. 1989, Grillner and Svensson 2000, Pidoplichko et al. 1997, Sorenson et al. 1998, Yin and French 2000), and enhances dopamine release from striatal nerve terminals (Blaha and Winn 1993, Blaha et al. 1996, Nisell et al. 1994a,b). ...
Full-Text PDF
... stimulation can offer access to selectivity that is otherwise unobtainable with classic methods. There is a well-defined strength–duration (SD) stimulus space that describes the changing probability of a neuron to fire an action potential in response to a variable stimulus current and pulse width [1 ...
... stimulation can offer access to selectivity that is otherwise unobtainable with classic methods. There is a well-defined strength–duration (SD) stimulus space that describes the changing probability of a neuron to fire an action potential in response to a variable stimulus current and pulse width [1 ...
What's a cerebellar circuit doing in the auditory system?
... changes in intracellular Ca2þ levels. Postsynaptic changes in intracellular Ca2þ concentration following parallel fiber stimulation are initiated by activation of neurotransmitter receptors and are mediated through signaling pathways that differ in fusiform and cartwheel cells (Table 1) [26]. Althou ...
... changes in intracellular Ca2þ levels. Postsynaptic changes in intracellular Ca2þ concentration following parallel fiber stimulation are initiated by activation of neurotransmitter receptors and are mediated through signaling pathways that differ in fusiform and cartwheel cells (Table 1) [26]. Althou ...
AIP
... area showed that the anterograde and retrograde labelings in the agranular frontal cortex was almost completely confined to F5 and, therefore, the anatomical linkage between these two areas is highly selective and reciprocal. In addition, the differential distribution of the labeling observed in the ...
... area showed that the anterograde and retrograde labelings in the agranular frontal cortex was almost completely confined to F5 and, therefore, the anatomical linkage between these two areas is highly selective and reciprocal. In addition, the differential distribution of the labeling observed in the ...
Chapter 9b final
... Appears that the brain rests during sleep SWS may destroy free radicals Fatal familial insomnia (related to mad cow disease) Deficits in attention and memory Dreamlike, confused state, loss of control of ANS, ...
... Appears that the brain rests during sleep SWS may destroy free radicals Fatal familial insomnia (related to mad cow disease) Deficits in attention and memory Dreamlike, confused state, loss of control of ANS, ...
Activity 1 - Web Adventures
... One student found himself/herself out on the court in the final seconds of the game. His/her team was behind by one point. They needed a basket to win. Suddenly the student found that the basketball had somehow ended up in his/her hands. The whole world went into slow motion. Despite what some might ...
... One student found himself/herself out on the court in the final seconds of the game. His/her team was behind by one point. They needed a basket to win. Suddenly the student found that the basketball had somehow ended up in his/her hands. The whole world went into slow motion. Despite what some might ...
File Now
... Change the input, and you change the cortical topography: e.g., shifted auditory map in prismexposed owls. Early music training influences the organization of human auditory cortex: fMRI studies. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. ...
... Change the input, and you change the cortical topography: e.g., shifted auditory map in prismexposed owls. Early music training influences the organization of human auditory cortex: fMRI studies. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. ...
Neurons - Holterman
... pushing more K into neuron. (But overall, it pushes more positive charges out of the cell than it brings in.) 5. The resting potential is the difference in charge between the inside and the outside of the neuron. Because there are fewer (positive) charges inside the cell, the voltage is -70mV. Stimu ...
... pushing more K into neuron. (But overall, it pushes more positive charges out of the cell than it brings in.) 5. The resting potential is the difference in charge between the inside and the outside of the neuron. Because there are fewer (positive) charges inside the cell, the voltage is -70mV. Stimu ...
Neural computations associated with goal-directed choice
... Peak activity for choices over gambles representing both monetary gain and loss from Tom et al. [24] is shown in green. Yellow voxels represent the peak for decisions about charitable donations from Hare et al. [34]. Examples of the stimuli associated with each peak are shown on the right inside a ...
... Peak activity for choices over gambles representing both monetary gain and loss from Tom et al. [24] is shown in green. Yellow voxels represent the peak for decisions about charitable donations from Hare et al. [34]. Examples of the stimuli associated with each peak are shown on the right inside a ...
23 Comp Review 1
... • SOMA (cell body) is where the nucleus, ribosomes, and most organelles are located • AXON HILLOCK is the area on the soma where the action potential of the neuron builds up before it transmits the signal down the axon. • AXON function is to transmit signals. Some cells have many axons, some have on ...
... • SOMA (cell body) is where the nucleus, ribosomes, and most organelles are located • AXON HILLOCK is the area on the soma where the action potential of the neuron builds up before it transmits the signal down the axon. • AXON function is to transmit signals. Some cells have many axons, some have on ...
Direct cortical control of muscle activation in voluntary arm movements
... extreme is to question whether “movement parameters are recognizably coded in the activity of single neurons” in the first place22. It is argued that they are not and do not need to be, as all that matters is the population average of the descending projections22. However it should still be possible ...
... extreme is to question whether “movement parameters are recognizably coded in the activity of single neurons” in the first place22. It is argued that they are not and do not need to be, as all that matters is the population average of the descending projections22. However it should still be possible ...
The Fine Structure of Slow-Wave Sleep Oscillations: from Single
... 4.3 Genesis of Sleep Spindle Oscillations As seen in the preceding section, sleep spindles consist of 7 to 14 Hz waxing-andwaning potentials, grouped in sequences lasting for 1 to 3 s and recurring every 3 to 10 s. Spindle oscillations constitute an interesting and well-constrained problem to invest ...
... 4.3 Genesis of Sleep Spindle Oscillations As seen in the preceding section, sleep spindles consist of 7 to 14 Hz waxing-andwaning potentials, grouped in sequences lasting for 1 to 3 s and recurring every 3 to 10 s. Spindle oscillations constitute an interesting and well-constrained problem to invest ...
Brain-implantable biomimetic electronics as the next era in neural
... neural network models in question must be miniaturized sufficiently to be implantable, which demands their implementation in at least microchip circuitry. Given the known signaling characteristics of neurons, such an implementation will most likely involve hybrid analog/digital device designs. Fourt ...
... neural network models in question must be miniaturized sufficiently to be implantable, which demands their implementation in at least microchip circuitry. Given the known signaling characteristics of neurons, such an implementation will most likely involve hybrid analog/digital device designs. Fourt ...
Inhibition of central neurons is reduced following acoustic trauma
... The most common tail response (class A, Fig. 2E) consists of broadly-tuned excitatory responses at and below an upper cutoff frequency (22 kHz in Fig. 2E). The upper frequency edge of the response is sharp at all levels with inhibition sometimes visible at higher frequencies. Auditory nerve fibers i ...
... The most common tail response (class A, Fig. 2E) consists of broadly-tuned excitatory responses at and below an upper cutoff frequency (22 kHz in Fig. 2E). The upper frequency edge of the response is sharp at all levels with inhibition sometimes visible at higher frequencies. Auditory nerve fibers i ...
9.14 Questions on chapter 1 of Brain Structure and Its
... 1) What cranial nerves carry information from electroreceptors in certain fish? Why is electroreception so useful for these fish? Why is their visual sense not adequate? 2) No placental mammals have electrosensory abilities, but one non-placental mammal does have such an ability. Which one? How are ...
... 1) What cranial nerves carry information from electroreceptors in certain fish? Why is electroreception so useful for these fish? Why is their visual sense not adequate? 2) No placental mammals have electrosensory abilities, but one non-placental mammal does have such an ability. Which one? How are ...
Thermosensory processing in the Drosophila brain
... Fast-cool-PNs project to the lateral protocerebrum, a higher brain region that receives multimodal inputs15. By contrast, the second type of ‘cool-PN’ showed little adaptation to large sustained temperature decreases (Fig. 1e, f and Extended Data Fig. 3). Moreover, slow and fast cooling elicited sim ...
... Fast-cool-PNs project to the lateral protocerebrum, a higher brain region that receives multimodal inputs15. By contrast, the second type of ‘cool-PN’ showed little adaptation to large sustained temperature decreases (Fig. 1e, f and Extended Data Fig. 3). Moreover, slow and fast cooling elicited sim ...
The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Gets Split: Why Does Cortisol
... Split female hamsters show two LH surges, one preceding each bout of locomotion (9). To determine the hypothalamic basis for the pituitary response, GnRH neuronal activation was monitored; hamsters showed parallel leftright asymmetry in Fos expression in the SCN and in preoptic area GnRH neurons, su ...
... Split female hamsters show two LH surges, one preceding each bout of locomotion (9). To determine the hypothalamic basis for the pituitary response, GnRH neuronal activation was monitored; hamsters showed parallel leftright asymmetry in Fos expression in the SCN and in preoptic area GnRH neurons, su ...
Neuronal fiber tracts connecting the brain and ventral nerve cord of
... behaviors involving movement of the wings, legs, and abdomen) and subesophageal ganglion (CPGs controlling behaviors involving the mouth parts; Burrows, 1996; Heinrich, 2002). Given that many behaviors make use of the same muscles/ motor neurons (e.g., wing beating in flies is part of flight and matin ...
... behaviors involving movement of the wings, legs, and abdomen) and subesophageal ganglion (CPGs controlling behaviors involving the mouth parts; Burrows, 1996; Heinrich, 2002). Given that many behaviors make use of the same muscles/ motor neurons (e.g., wing beating in flies is part of flight and matin ...
Guided outgrowth of leech neurons in culture
... micrometers, i.e. distinctly longer than reported for DRG neurons. Leech neurons do not grow on irradiated substrate in contrast to the DRG neurons [6]. The difference may be due to a higher light intensity used here to affect the substrate. The neurites of DRG neurons were guided as they came into ...
... micrometers, i.e. distinctly longer than reported for DRG neurons. Leech neurons do not grow on irradiated substrate in contrast to the DRG neurons [6]. The difference may be due to a higher light intensity used here to affect the substrate. The neurites of DRG neurons were guided as they came into ...
neuron number decreases in the rat ventral, but not dorsal, medial
... method, only cells falling fully inside the counting frame or those that contact the ‘acceptance’ line without also contacting the ‘forbidden’ line are counted. Any cell contacting the ‘forbidden’ line is excluded from the count. Sampling frames that did not contain any neurons were included in the ...
... method, only cells falling fully inside the counting frame or those that contact the ‘acceptance’ line without also contacting the ‘forbidden’ line are counted. Any cell contacting the ‘forbidden’ line is excluded from the count. Sampling frames that did not contain any neurons were included in the ...
Decoding visual consciousness from human
... Figure 2. Encoding of intensity by signals in early visual cortex. (a) The perceived intensity of simple visual features is, presumably, encoded in the firing rate of cells in early visual cortex. The solid line shows a saturating model function that relates the perceived magnitude of contrast to th ...
... Figure 2. Encoding of intensity by signals in early visual cortex. (a) The perceived intensity of simple visual features is, presumably, encoded in the firing rate of cells in early visual cortex. The solid line shows a saturating model function that relates the perceived magnitude of contrast to th ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.