Distinct Representations and Theta Dynamics in Dorsal and Ventral
... ⬎80% of the maze area, were classified as putative interneurons. Other cells were classified as pyramidal cells (supplemental Fig. 2 A, available at www.jneurosci.org as supplemental material). No attempt was made to distinguish among the large family of interneurons (Freund and Buzsáki, 1996). The ...
... ⬎80% of the maze area, were classified as putative interneurons. Other cells were classified as pyramidal cells (supplemental Fig. 2 A, available at www.jneurosci.org as supplemental material). No attempt was made to distinguish among the large family of interneurons (Freund and Buzsáki, 1996). The ...
Lactate Receptor Sites Link Neurotransmission
... receptor in the brain has not been reported, nor its ultrastructural localization in brain or adipose tissue. Here, we show for the first time the subcellular localization and the function of the lactate receptor GPR81 protein in brain cells. L-Lactate caused a dose-dependent reduction of cAMP in hip ...
... receptor in the brain has not been reported, nor its ultrastructural localization in brain or adipose tissue. Here, we show for the first time the subcellular localization and the function of the lactate receptor GPR81 protein in brain cells. L-Lactate caused a dose-dependent reduction of cAMP in hip ...
The Transformation of a Unilateral Locomotor Command into a
... Symmetrical MLR inputs to homologous RS cells on both sides RS cells on both sides (18 pairs) were recorded intracellularly in 18 in vitro isolated brainstem preparations. Of these, 12 Figure 1. The experimental paradigm for the electrophysiological experiments. The left schematically represents the ...
... Symmetrical MLR inputs to homologous RS cells on both sides RS cells on both sides (18 pairs) were recorded intracellularly in 18 in vitro isolated brainstem preparations. Of these, 12 Figure 1. The experimental paradigm for the electrophysiological experiments. The left schematically represents the ...
doc midterm 1 chapter notes
... He said that energy coming from an outside source would be reflected back through the nervous system to the muscles, which would contract (we of course have a different explanation for this now.) Descartes was a dualist, but he was the first to hypothesize a link between the brain and the mind: o Th ...
... He said that energy coming from an outside source would be reflected back through the nervous system to the muscles, which would contract (we of course have a different explanation for this now.) Descartes was a dualist, but he was the first to hypothesize a link between the brain and the mind: o Th ...
ARTICULOS PUBLICADOS EN REVISTAS ELECTRÓNICAS: TRABAJO 1:
... pre-stimululs (200 ms) firing rate. Drug effects were calculated by comparing 2-min PSTHs at basal and post-drug periods. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM. Statistical analysis was carried out using independent and paired Student’s t-tests. Statistical significance has been set at the 95% confid ...
... pre-stimululs (200 ms) firing rate. Drug effects were calculated by comparing 2-min PSTHs at basal and post-drug periods. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM. Statistical analysis was carried out using independent and paired Student’s t-tests. Statistical significance has been set at the 95% confid ...
Vertebrate brains and evolutionary connectomics: on the origins of
... Darwin’s ‘Origin of the species’ [1] released a firestorm within society. The notion that we share a common heritage with other mammals, and even non-mammalian vertebrates, had long been entertained, but the unavoidable implication of Darwin’s ‘Origin of species’ and the ‘Descent of Man’ [2] left li ...
... Darwin’s ‘Origin of the species’ [1] released a firestorm within society. The notion that we share a common heritage with other mammals, and even non-mammalian vertebrates, had long been entertained, but the unavoidable implication of Darwin’s ‘Origin of species’ and the ‘Descent of Man’ [2] left li ...
damage to oligodendrocytes and axons following endothelin 1
... glia in the CNS, particularly as it pertains to CNS pathological states with major impacts on society, such as trauma, stroke, and neurodegenerative diseases. It is now recognized that neurons are highly dependent on glial cells for providing structural and metabolic support constitutively, and that ...
... glia in the CNS, particularly as it pertains to CNS pathological states with major impacts on society, such as trauma, stroke, and neurodegenerative diseases. It is now recognized that neurons are highly dependent on glial cells for providing structural and metabolic support constitutively, and that ...
news release - Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal
... Tzu-Jen Kao, recently uncovered a new piece of the puzzle. Scientists studying neural development aim to provide insight into the mechanisms that build our nervous system, which contains networks of specialized cells called neurons. Neurons send signals to one another and compute appropriate respons ...
... Tzu-Jen Kao, recently uncovered a new piece of the puzzle. Scientists studying neural development aim to provide insight into the mechanisms that build our nervous system, which contains networks of specialized cells called neurons. Neurons send signals to one another and compute appropriate respons ...
Neurons in Anterior Cingulate Cortex Multiplex
... The available data do not discriminate whether ACC represents abstract reward information only or more specific information linking particular actions to outcomes because the selectivity of ACC neurons for specific actions remains almost entirely unknown. To address these questions, we probed the ac ...
... The available data do not discriminate whether ACC represents abstract reward information only or more specific information linking particular actions to outcomes because the selectivity of ACC neurons for specific actions remains almost entirely unknown. To address these questions, we probed the ac ...
Temporal fate specification and neural progenitor competence
... superficial layer. Subsequently, it was shown that most neuroblasts sequentially express Hb, the zinc-finger transcription factor Kruppel (Kr), Pdm and Cas as they undergo multiple rounds of cell division5. Thus, sequential expression of different transcription factors in neuroblasts leads directly ...
... superficial layer. Subsequently, it was shown that most neuroblasts sequentially express Hb, the zinc-finger transcription factor Kruppel (Kr), Pdm and Cas as they undergo multiple rounds of cell division5. Thus, sequential expression of different transcription factors in neuroblasts leads directly ...
Basal Forebrain Projections to Somatosensory Cortex in
... region of the basal forebrain. Second, excitotoxin lesions of the globus pallidus severely deplete somatosensory cortex of AChE-positive axons. Third, Tremblay et al. (1990a,b) find that electrical stimulation of this region of the basal forebrain evokes responses in cortical area 3b that can be blo ...
... region of the basal forebrain. Second, excitotoxin lesions of the globus pallidus severely deplete somatosensory cortex of AChE-positive axons. Third, Tremblay et al. (1990a,b) find that electrical stimulation of this region of the basal forebrain evokes responses in cortical area 3b that can be blo ...
Behavioral and Neural Changes after Gains and Losses of
... trials, and their positions were changed without any cues with a 0.1 probability each trial after 40 trials. In game theory, a set of strategies from which none of the players can deviate individually to increase his or her payoff is referred to as a Nash equilibrium (Nash, 1950). The particular mat ...
... trials, and their positions were changed without any cues with a 0.1 probability each trial after 40 trials. In game theory, a set of strategies from which none of the players can deviate individually to increase his or her payoff is referred to as a Nash equilibrium (Nash, 1950). The particular mat ...
as a PDF
... ARC should cause weight gain. Chemical or electrolytic destruction of the ARC leads to obesity (21); the outcome is similar when knife cuts are used to sever outgoing projections from the ARC to adjacent hypothalamic areas (22). Catabolic output from the ARC therefore appears to predominate over ana ...
... ARC should cause weight gain. Chemical or electrolytic destruction of the ARC leads to obesity (21); the outcome is similar when knife cuts are used to sever outgoing projections from the ARC to adjacent hypothalamic areas (22). Catabolic output from the ARC therefore appears to predominate over ana ...
Primate Red Nucleus Discharge Encodes the Dynamics of Limb
... voluntary limb movement. Recordings were made from 158 neurons during two different kinds of limb movement tasks. One was a tracking task in which the subjects were required to acquire targets displayed on an oscilloscope by rotating one of six different single degree of freedom manipulanda. During ...
... voluntary limb movement. Recordings were made from 158 neurons during two different kinds of limb movement tasks. One was a tracking task in which the subjects were required to acquire targets displayed on an oscilloscope by rotating one of six different single degree of freedom manipulanda. During ...
Auditory Cortical Neurons are Sensitive to Static and Continuously
... cat was studied at stimulus frequencies ranging from 120 to 2,500 Hz. Best frequencies of the 43 AI cells sensitive to IPD ranged from 190 to 2,400 Hz. 2. A static IPD was produced when a pair of low-frequency tone bursts, differing from one another only in starting phase, were presented dichoticall ...
... cat was studied at stimulus frequencies ranging from 120 to 2,500 Hz. Best frequencies of the 43 AI cells sensitive to IPD ranged from 190 to 2,400 Hz. 2. A static IPD was produced when a pair of low-frequency tone bursts, differing from one another only in starting phase, were presented dichoticall ...
Chapter 11 Outline - CM
... Neurons can be classified according to structural features into 3 groups (Table 11.1): Multipolar neurons – with a single axon and multiple dendrites, make up over 99% of all neurons Bipolar neurons – with one axon and one dendrite and a cell body between them; found in eye and olfactory epithel ...
... Neurons can be classified according to structural features into 3 groups (Table 11.1): Multipolar neurons – with a single axon and multiple dendrites, make up over 99% of all neurons Bipolar neurons – with one axon and one dendrite and a cell body between them; found in eye and olfactory epithel ...
Emotional and Behavioral Correlates of Mediodorsal Thalamic
... which includes the amygdala, medial MD, and orbital cortex. The other, implicated in motor function, is the dorsal anterior cingulate circuit (Groenewegen, 1988), which includes the anterior cingulate cortex, dorsomedial striatum, medial portion of the globus pallidus, and lateral MD. Neurophysiolog ...
... which includes the amygdala, medial MD, and orbital cortex. The other, implicated in motor function, is the dorsal anterior cingulate circuit (Groenewegen, 1988), which includes the anterior cingulate cortex, dorsomedial striatum, medial portion of the globus pallidus, and lateral MD. Neurophysiolog ...
Evolution and intelligence: beyond the argument
... probably contain over a hundred billion neurons with thousands of connections each, it suggests that the wiring instructions that could possibly be specified genetically are probably insufficient by many orders of magnitude to wire brains, connection by connection. And of course, the extent of under ...
... probably contain over a hundred billion neurons with thousands of connections each, it suggests that the wiring instructions that could possibly be specified genetically are probably insufficient by many orders of magnitude to wire brains, connection by connection. And of course, the extent of under ...
PDF
... The analogy between the basal ganglia and actor – critic models builds on the strong resemblance between DA neuron activity and the TD prediction error signal, and between DA-dependent long-term synaptic plasticity in the striatum (Calabresi et al., 2000; Wickens, Begg, & Arbuthnott, 1996) and learn ...
... The analogy between the basal ganglia and actor – critic models builds on the strong resemblance between DA neuron activity and the TD prediction error signal, and between DA-dependent long-term synaptic plasticity in the striatum (Calabresi et al., 2000; Wickens, Begg, & Arbuthnott, 1996) and learn ...
Neuron/Glia Relationships Observed Over Intervals
... (Purves et al., 1987), we also noted that vesicle-filled preganglionic nerve terminals appeared to be more prevalent in the vicinity of the glial nuclei than in regions removed from this site. The preganglionic nerve terminals tended to establish synaptic contacts in a complex of short finger-like e ...
... (Purves et al., 1987), we also noted that vesicle-filled preganglionic nerve terminals appeared to be more prevalent in the vicinity of the glial nuclei than in regions removed from this site. The preganglionic nerve terminals tended to establish synaptic contacts in a complex of short finger-like e ...
Continuous attractor network models of grid cell firing based on
... firing patterns are the result of computation of location from velocity inputs, with additional spatial input required to oppose drift in the attractor state. We focus on properties of continuous attractor networks that are revealed by explicitly considering excitatory and inhibitory neurons, their ...
... firing patterns are the result of computation of location from velocity inputs, with additional spatial input required to oppose drift in the attractor state. We focus on properties of continuous attractor networks that are revealed by explicitly considering excitatory and inhibitory neurons, their ...
WHAT IS A SEIZURE?
... violently for several minutes. Between these extremes is an astonishing range of feelings and actions. Many people (including some people with seizures) think that the only real seizures are ones with strong, uncontrolled movements. They think that having a strange feeling in the stomach, blanking o ...
... violently for several minutes. Between these extremes is an astonishing range of feelings and actions. Many people (including some people with seizures) think that the only real seizures are ones with strong, uncontrolled movements. They think that having a strange feeling in the stomach, blanking o ...
what is a seizure? - Patient Focused Neurology!
... violently for several minutes. Between these extremes is an astonishing range of feelings and actions. Many people (including some people with seizures) think that the only real seizures are ones with strong, uncontrolled movements. They think that having a strange feeling in the stomach, blanking o ...
... violently for several minutes. Between these extremes is an astonishing range of feelings and actions. Many people (including some people with seizures) think that the only real seizures are ones with strong, uncontrolled movements. They think that having a strange feeling in the stomach, blanking o ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.