ficient mice: Distinct effects in Finnish variant late infantile NCL
... cortical subfields, respectively and display pronounced synaptic pathology in Cathepsin D deficient mice (Partanen et al., 2008). Immunohistochemical staining for these proteins revealed pronounced changes in the intensity and distribution of staining for these markers in the thalamocortical system of ...
... cortical subfields, respectively and display pronounced synaptic pathology in Cathepsin D deficient mice (Partanen et al., 2008). Immunohistochemical staining for these proteins revealed pronounced changes in the intensity and distribution of staining for these markers in the thalamocortical system of ...
Glucocorticoids Enhance the Excitability of Principal Basolateral
... The main difficulty in studying the effects of glucocorticoids is that they have a long latency and a protracted time course. Indeed, once activated, MRs and GRs translocate to the nucleus in which they act as transcription factors and affect gene expression (Reichardt and Schutz, 1998). As a result ...
... The main difficulty in studying the effects of glucocorticoids is that they have a long latency and a protracted time course. Indeed, once activated, MRs and GRs translocate to the nucleus in which they act as transcription factors and affect gene expression (Reichardt and Schutz, 1998). As a result ...
A visual motion detection circuit suggested by Drosophila
... reconstructed neurons to examples from light microscopy, we assigned neurons to cell types and assembled a connectome of the repeating module of the medulla. Within this module, we identified cell types constituting a motion detection circuit, and showed that the connections onto individual motion-s ...
... reconstructed neurons to examples from light microscopy, we assigned neurons to cell types and assembled a connectome of the repeating module of the medulla. Within this module, we identified cell types constituting a motion detection circuit, and showed that the connections onto individual motion-s ...
Stereological estimation of dendritic coverage in the capybara SCG
... seen in this image is 3/18 = 0.1666 = 16.66%. Approximate numbers of synapses per neuron and per ganglion: Nsyn/Nall and Nsyn We obtained rough estimates of the numbers of synapses using a model-based approach treating the synaptic apposition sites as flat circular disks of uniform diameter. The ...
... seen in this image is 3/18 = 0.1666 = 16.66%. Approximate numbers of synapses per neuron and per ganglion: Nsyn/Nall and Nsyn We obtained rough estimates of the numbers of synapses using a model-based approach treating the synaptic apposition sites as flat circular disks of uniform diameter. The ...
Citron-Kinase, a Protein Essential to Cytokinesis in Neuronal
... within clones isolated from exon 1 of fh/fh genomic DNA (chromatograms not shown). In addition, we find that the kinase domain of Citron-K gene is present in three P1 clones in a P1 contig of rat chromosome 12 that contains D12Rat55, which maps to the flathead mutation. Together, these results suggest ...
... within clones isolated from exon 1 of fh/fh genomic DNA (chromatograms not shown). In addition, we find that the kinase domain of Citron-K gene is present in three P1 clones in a P1 contig of rat chromosome 12 that contains D12Rat55, which maps to the flathead mutation. Together, these results suggest ...
Ch16.Special.Senses
... Note that fibers from the lateral portion of each retinal field do not cross at the optic chiasma. ...
... Note that fibers from the lateral portion of each retinal field do not cross at the optic chiasma. ...
Molecular anatomical investigation of the 2
... receptor activation triggers Gprotein βγ subunit-mediated inhibition of voltage-gated calcium channels into the axon terminals (Mackie és Hille, 1992; Herlitze et al., 1996). Persisent receptor activation the G subunit αi/o subunit results in the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity and reduced c ...
... receptor activation triggers Gprotein βγ subunit-mediated inhibition of voltage-gated calcium channels into the axon terminals (Mackie és Hille, 1992; Herlitze et al., 1996). Persisent receptor activation the G subunit αi/o subunit results in the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity and reduced c ...
Patterning and axon guidance of cranial motor neurons
... projections is governed by rostrocaudal and dorsoventral patterning mechanisms that produce a diversity of motor neuron subpopulations with distinct differentiation programmes. Some of the guidance molecules that are involved in elaborating axon projections have also been characterized. However, man ...
... projections is governed by rostrocaudal and dorsoventral patterning mechanisms that produce a diversity of motor neuron subpopulations with distinct differentiation programmes. Some of the guidance molecules that are involved in elaborating axon projections have also been characterized. However, man ...
Spiking neural networks for vision tasks
... able to show their full potential in terms of speed and mobility without datasets which are tailored to their needs[11][12]. Another problem is, that those datasets are often flawed like it is shown in figure 8, where the monitor refresh rate is seen in the event-based dataset. ...
... able to show their full potential in terms of speed and mobility without datasets which are tailored to their needs[11][12]. Another problem is, that those datasets are often flawed like it is shown in figure 8, where the monitor refresh rate is seen in the event-based dataset. ...
NAlab13_LimbicSystem..
... The amygdala is composed of numerous nuclear groups that can be divided into the basolateral, central, and corticomedial nuclei. Identify their approximate locations. The amygdala gives rise to two major pathways, the stria terminalis and the ventral amygdalofugal pathway. The stria terminalis is a ...
... The amygdala is composed of numerous nuclear groups that can be divided into the basolateral, central, and corticomedial nuclei. Identify their approximate locations. The amygdala gives rise to two major pathways, the stria terminalis and the ventral amygdalofugal pathway. The stria terminalis is a ...
Limbic System
... The amygdala is composed of numerous nuclear groups that can be divided into the basolateral, central, and corticomedial nuclei. Identify their approximate locations. The amygdala gives rise to two major pathways, the stria terminalis and the ventral amygdalofugal pathway. The stria terminalis is a ...
... The amygdala is composed of numerous nuclear groups that can be divided into the basolateral, central, and corticomedial nuclei. Identify their approximate locations. The amygdala gives rise to two major pathways, the stria terminalis and the ventral amygdalofugal pathway. The stria terminalis is a ...
Topographic Maps are Fundamental to Sensory
... made in small maps (also see [22]). In the small primary visual area of rats or opossums, neurons in any part access neurons over much of the rest of the representation (see [10]), while neurons in any part of the large VI of macaque monkeys have connections over only a small fraction of the map (se ...
... made in small maps (also see [22]). In the small primary visual area of rats or opossums, neurons in any part access neurons over much of the rest of the representation (see [10]), while neurons in any part of the large VI of macaque monkeys have connections over only a small fraction of the map (se ...
THE AREA POSTREMA: A POTENTIAL SITE FOR CIRCADIAN REGULATION BY
... ion substitution experiments revealed a PK2-induced Cl- current was responsible for membrane depolarization, while hyperpolarizations were the result of inhibition of an inwardly rectifying non-selective cation current. In contrast to these differential effects on membrane potential, nearly all neur ...
... ion substitution experiments revealed a PK2-induced Cl- current was responsible for membrane depolarization, while hyperpolarizations were the result of inhibition of an inwardly rectifying non-selective cation current. In contrast to these differential effects on membrane potential, nearly all neur ...
Coordinated Interaction between Hippocampal Sharp
... Of many cortical regions, the ACC stands out as a critical site for storage and expression of long-term episodic memory. This has been demonstrated with widely used behavioral paradigms, including contextual fear conditioning, novel-object recognition, and spatial memory tests (Bontempi et al., 1999 ...
... Of many cortical regions, the ACC stands out as a critical site for storage and expression of long-term episodic memory. This has been demonstrated with widely used behavioral paradigms, including contextual fear conditioning, novel-object recognition, and spatial memory tests (Bontempi et al., 1999 ...
The Temporal Profile of 72-kDa Heat
... In this study, we have examined another factor, other than cell excitation, that might be responsible for the selective vulnerability to ischemia of some CNS neurons: the ability to induce stress-related or heat-shock proteins. The expression of the major inducible 70-kDa heat-shock protein has been ...
... In this study, we have examined another factor, other than cell excitation, that might be responsible for the selective vulnerability to ischemia of some CNS neurons: the ability to induce stress-related or heat-shock proteins. The expression of the major inducible 70-kDa heat-shock protein has been ...
Representation of naturalistic image structure in the primate visual
... However, in the area immediately downstream, V2, cells respond more vigorously to these stimuli than to matched control stimuli. Humans show BOLD fMRI responses in V1 and V2 that are consistent with the neuronal measurements in macaque. These fMRI measurements, as well as neurophysiological work by ...
... However, in the area immediately downstream, V2, cells respond more vigorously to these stimuli than to matched control stimuli. Humans show BOLD fMRI responses in V1 and V2 that are consistent with the neuronal measurements in macaque. These fMRI measurements, as well as neurophysiological work by ...
The elusive crypt olfactory receptor neuron
... and transduce signals through a cyclic AMP (cAMP) cascade that includes the G-protein Gαolf (Cao et al., 1998; Ngai et al., 1993). Homologous to mammalian VNO neurons, the shorter microvillous ORNs in the fish olfactory epithelium express V2R-like receptors molecules, the G-protein Gαo and possibly ...
... and transduce signals through a cyclic AMP (cAMP) cascade that includes the G-protein Gαolf (Cao et al., 1998; Ngai et al., 1993). Homologous to mammalian VNO neurons, the shorter microvillous ORNs in the fish olfactory epithelium express V2R-like receptors molecules, the G-protein Gαo and possibly ...
Responses of single neurons in the human brain during flash
... monocularly (Figure 12-2). It is important to emphasize that the same visual input can give rise to very different percepts as can be seen by comparing Figures 12-2A and 122B. In this example, during the flash period a photograph of Paul McCartney is shown to the left eye while a grating is presente ...
... monocularly (Figure 12-2). It is important to emphasize that the same visual input can give rise to very different percepts as can be seen by comparing Figures 12-2A and 122B. In this example, during the flash period a photograph of Paul McCartney is shown to the left eye while a grating is presente ...
Information processing in a neuron ensemble with the multiplicative
... tends to 0. This is understandable, since one cannot expect more from the knowledge of multiplicative correlation by decreasing the noise intensity as they are coupled in product. This is an important property we need to pay attention to when practical data are analyzed2. It tells us that there is a ...
... tends to 0. This is understandable, since one cannot expect more from the knowledge of multiplicative correlation by decreasing the noise intensity as they are coupled in product. This is an important property we need to pay attention to when practical data are analyzed2. It tells us that there is a ...
PDF file
... The importance of temporal signals for the acquisition of stereo vision capabilities in visual cortices (i.e. how time contributes to binocular cognitive abilities to emerge) has been underestimated in the past. Temporal context information from the previous time step(s) guide the human visual syste ...
... The importance of temporal signals for the acquisition of stereo vision capabilities in visual cortices (i.e. how time contributes to binocular cognitive abilities to emerge) has been underestimated in the past. Temporal context information from the previous time step(s) guide the human visual syste ...
Title : Physiology of respiratory system
... A. Automatic Control of Breathing - Control Centers in the Brain Stem 1. Control Centers in Medulla Oblongata a. Breathing relies on repetitive stimulation from the brain stem. b. Two types of respiratory neurons are present in the medulla oblongata: inspiratory (I) neurons, which discharge during i ...
... A. Automatic Control of Breathing - Control Centers in the Brain Stem 1. Control Centers in Medulla Oblongata a. Breathing relies on repetitive stimulation from the brain stem. b. Two types of respiratory neurons are present in the medulla oblongata: inspiratory (I) neurons, which discharge during i ...
Rapid changes in protein synthesis and cell size in the cochlear
... around 5 kHz. This signal was delivered at a rate of lO/sec through an ear piece sealed to the external auditory meatus, creating a closed system. The maximum output of this system was 97 dBp.e. SPL. Brainstem evoked responses were measured by averaging differential response signals from the subderm ...
... around 5 kHz. This signal was delivered at a rate of lO/sec through an ear piece sealed to the external auditory meatus, creating a closed system. The maximum output of this system was 97 dBp.e. SPL. Brainstem evoked responses were measured by averaging differential response signals from the subderm ...
NEURAL NETWORKS AND FUZZY SYSTEMS
... Yk 1 S ( X k ) M ( 5 4 3) new signal state vector at time k+1 equals: ...
... Yk 1 S ( X k ) M ( 5 4 3) new signal state vector at time k+1 equals: ...
Regents Biology - I Love Science
... bound involuntary together by actionsconnective those not tissue. For under this conscious Research reason, controla Visit the single such as Glencoe spinal your heart Science nerve rate, can Web site at have breathing, tx.science. impulses digestion, glencoe.co going and to m forfrom more and gland ...
... bound involuntary together by actionsconnective those not tissue. For under this conscious Research reason, controla Visit the single such as Glencoe spinal your heart Science nerve rate, can Web site at have breathing, tx.science. impulses digestion, glencoe.co going and to m forfrom more and gland ...
Features of Neuronal Synchrony in Mouse Visual Cortex
... Off-line analysis was performed using LabVIEW (National Instruments, Austin, TX) and IDL (Research Systems, Boulder, CO). Oscillatory response modulation and synchronization were analyzed by computing and averaging auto- and cross-correlograms for all trials per condition and recording site with a b ...
... Off-line analysis was performed using LabVIEW (National Instruments, Austin, TX) and IDL (Research Systems, Boulder, CO). Oscillatory response modulation and synchronization were analyzed by computing and averaging auto- and cross-correlograms for all trials per condition and recording site with a b ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.