Questions and Answers From Episode 27
... association with each other in cortical areas where more complex sensory integration that links stimuli occurs. (Teacher’s Note: The sense of smell with regard to certain odors may be increased when one is hungry. This occurs as a result of sensory processing in the cortex that can increase the inpu ...
... association with each other in cortical areas where more complex sensory integration that links stimuli occurs. (Teacher’s Note: The sense of smell with regard to certain odors may be increased when one is hungry. This occurs as a result of sensory processing in the cortex that can increase the inpu ...
Vortex Model of the Brain - Center for Integrated Human Brain Science
... Nevertheless, many fundamental questions regarding how the brain works remain unanswered. What is the neuronal substrate of consciousness? Why do anesthetic effects diminish at higher atmospheric pressure? How can purely endogenous processes be initiated? These are some examples. In spite of concert ...
... Nevertheless, many fundamental questions regarding how the brain works remain unanswered. What is the neuronal substrate of consciousness? Why do anesthetic effects diminish at higher atmospheric pressure? How can purely endogenous processes be initiated? These are some examples. In spite of concert ...
Neuroanatomy - TechnionMed
... What is correct about the parenchyma cells in the cerebellum a. Gets excitatory synapse from parallel fibers b. Gets excitatory synapse from the inferior olivary nucleus c. Sends inhibitory synapse to deep cerebellum nucleus d. Accompany the palate origin to the level of the cerebellum Difference be ...
... What is correct about the parenchyma cells in the cerebellum a. Gets excitatory synapse from parallel fibers b. Gets excitatory synapse from the inferior olivary nucleus c. Sends inhibitory synapse to deep cerebellum nucleus d. Accompany the palate origin to the level of the cerebellum Difference be ...
Glossary of Olfactory Terms
... receptor signals to the olfactory bulb. Axons expressing the same receptor type join in sets of fiber bundles through which these signals are transmitted. At the olfactory bulb, these signals are interpreted at the glomeruli and further signals are transmitted to the olfactory centers of the brain ( ...
... receptor signals to the olfactory bulb. Axons expressing the same receptor type join in sets of fiber bundles through which these signals are transmitted. At the olfactory bulb, these signals are interpreted at the glomeruli and further signals are transmitted to the olfactory centers of the brain ( ...
Inferring spike-timing-dependent plasticity from spike train data
... [5]. Here we instead attempt to estimate STDP in vivo by using simultaneously recorded extracellular spike trains and develop methods to estimate the time-varying strength of synapses. In the past few years model-based methods have been developed that allow the estimation of coupling between pairs o ...
... [5]. Here we instead attempt to estimate STDP in vivo by using simultaneously recorded extracellular spike trains and develop methods to estimate the time-varying strength of synapses. In the past few years model-based methods have been developed that allow the estimation of coupling between pairs o ...
Cnidarians and the evolutionary origin of the nervous system Review
... physiological complexity observed in the regionalized nervous system and eye-bearing sensory complex (Rhopalia) of cnidarians, an increasing number of examples indicating the evolutionary convergence in both nervous and sensory systems (Nishikawa 2002) make it difficult to simply compare cnidarian a ...
... physiological complexity observed in the regionalized nervous system and eye-bearing sensory complex (Rhopalia) of cnidarians, an increasing number of examples indicating the evolutionary convergence in both nervous and sensory systems (Nishikawa 2002) make it difficult to simply compare cnidarian a ...
Cell division and migration in a `genotype` for neural networks (Cell
... simulation experiments by Dawkins, 1986). This is a very important property that may allow the search space to be explored by the evolutionary process without exponential increase with increasing complexity of the phenotype. Kitano (1990) has criticized literal encodings for neural networks such as ...
... simulation experiments by Dawkins, 1986). This is a very important property that may allow the search space to be explored by the evolutionary process without exponential increase with increasing complexity of the phenotype. Kitano (1990) has criticized literal encodings for neural networks such as ...
Cell division and migration in a `genotype` for neural
... simulation experiments by Dawkins, 1986). This is a very important property that may allow the search space to be explored by the evolutionary process without exponential increase with increasing complexity of the phenotype. Kitano (1990) has criticized literal encodings for neural networks such as ...
... simulation experiments by Dawkins, 1986). This is a very important property that may allow the search space to be explored by the evolutionary process without exponential increase with increasing complexity of the phenotype. Kitano (1990) has criticized literal encodings for neural networks such as ...
Physiological Plasticity of Single Neurons in Auditory Cortex of the
... expressing each value as a percentage change from the average of the last five-trial block of the sensitization phase. The number of trials to criterion for pupillary conditioning was defined as five consecutive trials during the conditioning phase all of which had responses greater than the average ...
... expressing each value as a percentage change from the average of the last five-trial block of the sensitization phase. The number of trials to criterion for pupillary conditioning was defined as five consecutive trials during the conditioning phase all of which had responses greater than the average ...
striatum
... Akinesia – impairment in the iniciation of movement Bradykinesia – reduction in velocity and amplitude Parkinson disease (tremor at rest, flexed posture, paucity of limb and facial movements) Decrease in production of Dopamine Loss of dopaminergic neurons within ...
... Akinesia – impairment in the iniciation of movement Bradykinesia – reduction in velocity and amplitude Parkinson disease (tremor at rest, flexed posture, paucity of limb and facial movements) Decrease in production of Dopamine Loss of dopaminergic neurons within ...
Canine Olfaction: An Overview of the Anatomy, Physiology and
... In addition to the MOE, the dog has an additional olfactory epithelium, the vomeronasal sensory epithelium (VNsE), found in the vomeronasal organ (VNO). This tissue is present bilaterally in the bottom of the nasal cavity above the roof of the mouth just behind the canine teeth. The VNO is open to ...
... In addition to the MOE, the dog has an additional olfactory epithelium, the vomeronasal sensory epithelium (VNsE), found in the vomeronasal organ (VNO). This tissue is present bilaterally in the bottom of the nasal cavity above the roof of the mouth just behind the canine teeth. The VNO is open to ...
Searching for lost memories, Sudoku, and related ills of the brain
... The distinction between a discrimination which 'pops out' and one that does not is believed to be a distinction between a task that we do in parallel across a visual scene, and a task that requires sequential processing. When the parameters that draw the patterns to convert an 'x' to a 'gapped T' ar ...
... The distinction between a discrimination which 'pops out' and one that does not is believed to be a distinction between a task that we do in parallel across a visual scene, and a task that requires sequential processing. When the parameters that draw the patterns to convert an 'x' to a 'gapped T' ar ...
the mirror-neuron system - Psychology and Neuroscience
... There are two classes of visuomotor neurons in monkey area F5: canonical neurons, which respond to the presentation of an object, and mirror neurons, which respond when the monkey sees object-directed action (Rizzolatti & Luppino 2001). In order to be triggered by visual stimuli, mirror neurons requ ...
... There are two classes of visuomotor neurons in monkey area F5: canonical neurons, which respond to the presentation of an object, and mirror neurons, which respond when the monkey sees object-directed action (Rizzolatti & Luppino 2001). In order to be triggered by visual stimuli, mirror neurons requ ...
Kv2 Channels Form Delayed-Rectifier Potassium Channels In Situ
... mutant subunit produced a 40% reduction in Gmax. In mature ⫹Mutant and Control neurons, Gmax values were 13.7 ⫾ 1.0 and 21.5 ⫾ 1.5 pS/m 2 ( p ⬍ 0.0002), indicating that overexpression of the mutant subunit reduced Gmax to the same extent in immature and mature neurons. Because the reduction in Gmax ...
... mutant subunit produced a 40% reduction in Gmax. In mature ⫹Mutant and Control neurons, Gmax values were 13.7 ⫾ 1.0 and 21.5 ⫾ 1.5 pS/m 2 ( p ⬍ 0.0002), indicating that overexpression of the mutant subunit reduced Gmax to the same extent in immature and mature neurons. Because the reduction in Gmax ...
Labeled lines meet and talk: population coding of somatic sensations
... innocuous cold range (25~28°C), defined in heterologous systems (33, 34). This threshold is lower than that of many human C2 fibers (> 30°C) (18). However, in vivo cold sensitivity of sensory neurons can be modulated by other factors, such as the expression of two potassium channels, TREK1 and TRAAK ...
... innocuous cold range (25~28°C), defined in heterologous systems (33, 34). This threshold is lower than that of many human C2 fibers (> 30°C) (18). However, in vivo cold sensitivity of sensory neurons can be modulated by other factors, such as the expression of two potassium channels, TREK1 and TRAAK ...
The seasonal hippocampus of food-storing birds.
... to mid-April) chickadees showed about 3.5 times more hippocampal neuronal recruitment that did house sparrows, whether this was measured as the number of new neurons, new neurons per cubic millimetre, or the proportion of all hippocampal neurons that were new (Hoshooley and Sherry, 2007, Fig. 1). Th ...
... to mid-April) chickadees showed about 3.5 times more hippocampal neuronal recruitment that did house sparrows, whether this was measured as the number of new neurons, new neurons per cubic millimetre, or the proportion of all hippocampal neurons that were new (Hoshooley and Sherry, 2007, Fig. 1). Th ...
Identifying Hallmarks of Consciousness in Non-Mammalian
... magnetoencephalography (MEG) and definite changes in brain activity have been observed when consciousness of an object was reported (Srinavisan et al., 1998). In general, these results implicate the thalamocortical system in the generation of conscious states. In addition, evidence from strokes and ...
... magnetoencephalography (MEG) and definite changes in brain activity have been observed when consciousness of an object was reported (Srinavisan et al., 1998). In general, these results implicate the thalamocortical system in the generation of conscious states. In addition, evidence from strokes and ...
Self-images in the video monitor coded by monkey intraparietal
... receptive field defined as a territory in the space where a neuron responded to the moving visual stimuli. Tooluse induced an expansion of the visual receptive field only when monkeys intended to use tools to retrieve distant objects, but the modification was never induced when just holding it as an ...
... receptive field defined as a territory in the space where a neuron responded to the moving visual stimuli. Tooluse induced an expansion of the visual receptive field only when monkeys intended to use tools to retrieve distant objects, but the modification was never induced when just holding it as an ...
Auto-structure of presynaptic activity defines postsynaptic firing
... AMPA and GABA mediated receptors. The membrane time constant was set to τm = 20 ms. The synaptic conductance strength ggaba and gampa were chosen to be identical across all synapses of the same type. We model the postsynaptic neuron to be in a state close to balanced excitation and inhibition. To th ...
... AMPA and GABA mediated receptors. The membrane time constant was set to τm = 20 ms. The synaptic conductance strength ggaba and gampa were chosen to be identical across all synapses of the same type. We model the postsynaptic neuron to be in a state close to balanced excitation and inhibition. To th ...
Reduced Levels of Acetylcholine Receptor Expression in Chick
... AChR channel kinetics and the maintenance of AChR protein and a3 subunit mRNA levels (Marshall, 1985; Jacob and Berg, 1987, 1988; Boyd et al., 1988). Recent studies of developing chick parasympathetic ciliary ganglion neurons in situ suggest that innervation inducesan increasein AChR expression.Norm ...
... AChR channel kinetics and the maintenance of AChR protein and a3 subunit mRNA levels (Marshall, 1985; Jacob and Berg, 1987, 1988; Boyd et al., 1988). Recent studies of developing chick parasympathetic ciliary ganglion neurons in situ suggest that innervation inducesan increasein AChR expression.Norm ...
A Computational Model of the Amygdala Nuclei`s Role in - laral
... The model was embedded in a simulated robotic rat and was validated by reproducing the behaviours exhibited by both sham and BLA-lesioned rats in first and second order conditioning experiments. In particular, as in real rats, while after training the simulated sham rats react with UR (orienting) to ...
... The model was embedded in a simulated robotic rat and was validated by reproducing the behaviours exhibited by both sham and BLA-lesioned rats in first and second order conditioning experiments. In particular, as in real rats, while after training the simulated sham rats react with UR (orienting) to ...
the mirror-neuron system - UCSF Center for Integrative Neuroscience
... There are two classes of visuomotor neurons in monkey area F5: canonical neurons, which respond to the presentation of an object, and mirror neurons, which respond when the monkey sees object-directed action (Rizzolatti & Luppino 2001). In order to be triggered by visual stimuli, mirror neurons requ ...
... There are two classes of visuomotor neurons in monkey area F5: canonical neurons, which respond to the presentation of an object, and mirror neurons, which respond when the monkey sees object-directed action (Rizzolatti & Luppino 2001). In order to be triggered by visual stimuli, mirror neurons requ ...
Responses of single neurons in the human brain during flash
... signal detection analysis (Green and Swets, ...
... signal detection analysis (Green and Swets, ...
New Roles for the External Globus Pallidus in Basal Ganglia Circuits
... (Hikosaka and Wurtz, 1983). Stop cue processing initially involves much faster signaling through STN (⬃15 ms latencies), providing glutamatergic inputs to the same SNr neurons; if this occurs early enough, it can oppose action initiation (Schmidt et al., 2013). However, the Stop cue only causes a tr ...
... (Hikosaka and Wurtz, 1983). Stop cue processing initially involves much faster signaling through STN (⬃15 ms latencies), providing glutamatergic inputs to the same SNr neurons; if this occurs early enough, it can oppose action initiation (Schmidt et al., 2013). However, the Stop cue only causes a tr ...
Biology 231
... Na+/K+ pumps pump Na+ out of neuron (high Na+ concentration outside neuron) K+ positive Na+ balanced by negative Clpump K+ into neuron (high K+ concentration inside neuron) positive K+ balanced by negative protein molecules Neuron has different permeability to ions K+ permeability is 50-100 times gr ...
... Na+/K+ pumps pump Na+ out of neuron (high Na+ concentration outside neuron) K+ positive Na+ balanced by negative Clpump K+ into neuron (high K+ concentration inside neuron) positive K+ balanced by negative protein molecules Neuron has different permeability to ions K+ permeability is 50-100 times gr ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.