Chapter 4 monkey
... Thompson 2008). It therefore appears that this area is an integral part of the circuitries which mediate both attentional and decision-making processes if the task requires an eye movement response. The roles of area FEF and the principal sulcus (PS) in decision making have been investigated in a ta ...
... Thompson 2008). It therefore appears that this area is an integral part of the circuitries which mediate both attentional and decision-making processes if the task requires an eye movement response. The roles of area FEF and the principal sulcus (PS) in decision making have been investigated in a ta ...
IMPROVING OF ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS
... Sridhar [1] says that the main advantage of GPU over CPU is high computational parallelism and efficiency with a relatively low cost.However, it is difficult to design an algorithm. Also, the author says that although exist Integrated Circuits (IC) for high parallelism, it is very difficult to trans ...
... Sridhar [1] says that the main advantage of GPU over CPU is high computational parallelism and efficiency with a relatively low cost.However, it is difficult to design an algorithm. Also, the author says that although exist Integrated Circuits (IC) for high parallelism, it is very difficult to trans ...
extracellular and intracellular signaling for neuronal polarity
... chemical signals from other neurons through neurotransmitter receptors. Axons are typically long and thin, and axon terminals contain synaptic vesicles for synaptic transmission to other neurons. Thus neurons are polarized both functionally and morphologically (52). Many scientists are fascinated by ...
... chemical signals from other neurons through neurotransmitter receptors. Axons are typically long and thin, and axon terminals contain synaptic vesicles for synaptic transmission to other neurons. Thus neurons are polarized both functionally and morphologically (52). Many scientists are fascinated by ...
Neuroanatomical characteristics of deep and superficial needling
... believed to exert its effects through sensory afferent stimulation. Although we are unable to assess, based on the present results, whether acupuncture works via stimulation of motor nerves, as the study was neuroanatomical rather than neurofunctional in nature, it is clear that tracer can be transp ...
... believed to exert its effects through sensory afferent stimulation. Although we are unable to assess, based on the present results, whether acupuncture works via stimulation of motor nerves, as the study was neuroanatomical rather than neurofunctional in nature, it is clear that tracer can be transp ...
Breaking the Brain Barrier
... every month after that for a year, Neuwelt and his team repeated the protocol: first through the left artery, then the right, mannitol pried open her blood-brain barrier so that methotrexate could be shot across and attack her tumor. By the end of her second treatment, she was able to walk out of th ...
... every month after that for a year, Neuwelt and his team repeated the protocol: first through the left artery, then the right, mannitol pried open her blood-brain barrier so that methotrexate could be shot across and attack her tumor. By the end of her second treatment, she was able to walk out of th ...
Sustained conditioned responses in prelimbic prefrontal neurons are
... 75 dB, 30 s) immediately followed by fear conditioning consisting of five tone presentations that coterminated with mild footshocks (0.4 mA, 0.5 s). At the end of the conditioning phase, rats were transported to their homecages, and 2 h later they were brought back to the same operant chamber to rec ...
... 75 dB, 30 s) immediately followed by fear conditioning consisting of five tone presentations that coterminated with mild footshocks (0.4 mA, 0.5 s). At the end of the conditioning phase, rats were transported to their homecages, and 2 h later they were brought back to the same operant chamber to rec ...
Citron-Kinase, a Protein Essential to Cytokinesis in Neuronal
... within clones isolated from exon 1 of fh/fh genomic DNA (chromatograms not shown). In addition, we find that the kinase domain of Citron-K gene is present in three P1 clones in a P1 contig of rat chromosome 12 that contains D12Rat55, which maps to the flathead mutation. Together, these results sugge ...
... within clones isolated from exon 1 of fh/fh genomic DNA (chromatograms not shown). In addition, we find that the kinase domain of Citron-K gene is present in three P1 clones in a P1 contig of rat chromosome 12 that contains D12Rat55, which maps to the flathead mutation. Together, these results sugge ...
Switching from automatic to controlled behavior: cortico - lsr
... However, how the brain actually executes behavioral switching is not fully understood from the human data alone. The switching-associated reconfiguration of cognitive processes indicated by the psychological studies is probably composed of serial and parallel neuronal activity changes which occur wi ...
... However, how the brain actually executes behavioral switching is not fully understood from the human data alone. The switching-associated reconfiguration of cognitive processes indicated by the psychological studies is probably composed of serial and parallel neuronal activity changes which occur wi ...
Object Shape Differences Reflected by Somatosensory Cortical
... Group 1. This group engaged in two different conditions. In one they discriminated ellipsoids in the round set, and in the other they discriminated ellipsoids in the oblong set. The subjects were unaware of the ellipsoids being divided into two sets. The subjects discriminated the oblongness of elli ...
... Group 1. This group engaged in two different conditions. In one they discriminated ellipsoids in the round set, and in the other they discriminated ellipsoids in the oblong set. The subjects were unaware of the ellipsoids being divided into two sets. The subjects discriminated the oblongness of elli ...
Human Anatomy - Fisiokinesiterapia
... ANS helps maintain homeostasis through the involuntary activity of autonomic reflexes or visceral reflexes. Consist of smooth muscle contractions, cardiac muscle contractions, or secretion by glands that are mediated by autonomic reflex arcs in response to a specific stimulus. Example: micturition ...
... ANS helps maintain homeostasis through the involuntary activity of autonomic reflexes or visceral reflexes. Consist of smooth muscle contractions, cardiac muscle contractions, or secretion by glands that are mediated by autonomic reflex arcs in response to a specific stimulus. Example: micturition ...
Membrane Properties Underlying the Firing of Neurons in the Avian
... 2-3 VIIIth nerve afferents (Hackett et al., 1982; Jackson and Parks, 1982) and because each fiber can discharge at a maximum sustained rate of approximately 400 Hz (Manley et al., 1991), synaptic potentials could arrive in NM neurons at rates as high as 800-1200 Hz. The rapid arrival of large synapt ...
... 2-3 VIIIth nerve afferents (Hackett et al., 1982; Jackson and Parks, 1982) and because each fiber can discharge at a maximum sustained rate of approximately 400 Hz (Manley et al., 1991), synaptic potentials could arrive in NM neurons at rates as high as 800-1200 Hz. The rapid arrival of large synapt ...
Human Anatomy, First Edition McKinley&O'Loughlin
... ANS helps maintain homeostasis through the involuntary activity of autonomic reflexes or visceral reflexes. Consist of smooth muscle contractions, cardiac muscle contractions, or secretion by glands that are mediated by autonomic reflex arcs in response to a specific stimulus. Example: micturition ...
... ANS helps maintain homeostasis through the involuntary activity of autonomic reflexes or visceral reflexes. Consist of smooth muscle contractions, cardiac muscle contractions, or secretion by glands that are mediated by autonomic reflex arcs in response to a specific stimulus. Example: micturition ...
Temporal Patterning of Neural Progenitors in Drosophila
... Drosophila has recently become a powerful model system to understand the mechanisms of temporal patterning of neural progenitors called neuroblasts (NBs). Two different temporal sequences of transcription factors (TFs) have been found to be sequentially expressed in NBs of two different systems: the ...
... Drosophila has recently become a powerful model system to understand the mechanisms of temporal patterning of neural progenitors called neuroblasts (NBs). Two different temporal sequences of transcription factors (TFs) have been found to be sequentially expressed in NBs of two different systems: the ...
Chapter Two - McGraw Hill Higher Education
... here do you live? You probably don’t think about it much, but the thinking, feeling, W and acting part of you has to have a body to live in. Psychological life depends on biological life for its very existence. This means that the way we behave is influenced to a great extent by the nature of the bo ...
... here do you live? You probably don’t think about it much, but the thinking, feeling, W and acting part of you has to have a body to live in. Psychological life depends on biological life for its very existence. This means that the way we behave is influenced to a great extent by the nature of the bo ...
Coupled Noisy Spiking Neurons as Velocity-Controlled
... model in use). Each abstract VCO’s state was characterized by its phase i evolving at a timevarying frequency, fi(t) ⫽ b ⫹ s(t)cos[i ⫺ (t)], which was a function of speed, s(t); body (VCOs) in any particular simulation. Preliminary simulations showed direction (t); and each VCO’s preferred dir ...
... model in use). Each abstract VCO’s state was characterized by its phase i evolving at a timevarying frequency, fi(t) ⫽ b ⫹ s(t)cos[i ⫺ (t)], which was a function of speed, s(t); body (VCOs) in any particular simulation. Preliminary simulations showed direction (t); and each VCO’s preferred dir ...
Hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells form functionally
... preferred the trough. Thus, CA1 pyramidal cells in adjacent sublayers can address their targets jointly or differentially, depending on brain states. Although the molecular, anatomical and functional diversity of cortical interneurons is well documented1–3, principal cells are typically grouped tog ...
... preferred the trough. Thus, CA1 pyramidal cells in adjacent sublayers can address their targets jointly or differentially, depending on brain states. Although the molecular, anatomical and functional diversity of cortical interneurons is well documented1–3, principal cells are typically grouped tog ...
Primitive Roles for Inhibitory Interneurons in Developing Frog Spinal
... (Roberts, 2000; Li et al., 2001). These are shown diagrammatically in Figure 1, where their functions are listed. We have recently established that one class of spinal interneuron with a very characteristic axonal projection pattern, called ascending interneurons (aINs), produces phasic, glycinergic ...
... (Roberts, 2000; Li et al., 2001). These are shown diagrammatically in Figure 1, where their functions are listed. We have recently established that one class of spinal interneuron with a very characteristic axonal projection pattern, called ascending interneurons (aINs), produces phasic, glycinergic ...
2011 CSH - Harvard University
... has also been observed in additional brain regions, including prefrontal cortex (Van den Heuvel and Pasterkamp 2008). These studies suggest that postnatal brain development is highly dependent on input from the environment, and they point toward synapse development as one of the key experience-depen ...
... has also been observed in additional brain regions, including prefrontal cortex (Van den Heuvel and Pasterkamp 2008). These studies suggest that postnatal brain development is highly dependent on input from the environment, and they point toward synapse development as one of the key experience-depen ...
Control of neuronal cell fate and number by
... temporal changes in competence, as evidenced by the generation of different neural subtypes at distinct time points. When daughter proliferation is altered against a backdrop of temporal competence changes, it may create an integrative mechanism for simultaneously controlling cell fate and number. H ...
... temporal changes in competence, as evidenced by the generation of different neural subtypes at distinct time points. When daughter proliferation is altered against a backdrop of temporal competence changes, it may create an integrative mechanism for simultaneously controlling cell fate and number. H ...
Rich-club organization in effective connectivity among cortical neurons
... were killed after the recording session; and brain tissue was sectioned, immunostained for NeuN, and imaged to verify the silicon prong placement. Signals from all recording sites were simultaneously sampled at 25 kHz. Spike sorting was performed off-line using a semi-automated Matlab script. The da ...
... were killed after the recording session; and brain tissue was sectioned, immunostained for NeuN, and imaged to verify the silicon prong placement. Signals from all recording sites were simultaneously sampled at 25 kHz. Spike sorting was performed off-line using a semi-automated Matlab script. The da ...
Motor Systems - Neuroanatomy
... flexion and extension --- when some cells are active, the others are inhibited. These cells lie in the ventral horn on the same side of the spinal cord and include flexor and extensor motor neurons, together with their associated interneurons. Descending inputs from higher levels provide continuous ...
... flexion and extension --- when some cells are active, the others are inhibited. These cells lie in the ventral horn on the same side of the spinal cord and include flexor and extensor motor neurons, together with their associated interneurons. Descending inputs from higher levels provide continuous ...
Circuits in Psychopharmacology
... For example, 11 key areas of the brain that will be discussed extensively in this text are shown with their rough anatomic localization and names in Figure 7-6. The hypothetical behaviors thought to be regulated by circuits running through each of these 11 nodes in various networks are indicated in ...
... For example, 11 key areas of the brain that will be discussed extensively in this text are shown with their rough anatomic localization and names in Figure 7-6. The hypothetical behaviors thought to be regulated by circuits running through each of these 11 nodes in various networks are indicated in ...
Horvitz, J.C. Stimulus-response and response
... data help to shed light on the nature of input–output connectivity in the striatum, and the types of information likely transmitted by cortical inputs to striatal output cells. This paper will consider (1) the types of events signaled by phasic midbrain DA neurons to their striatal recipients, (2) D ...
... data help to shed light on the nature of input–output connectivity in the striatum, and the types of information likely transmitted by cortical inputs to striatal output cells. This paper will consider (1) the types of events signaled by phasic midbrain DA neurons to their striatal recipients, (2) D ...
Questions and Answers From Episode 27
... association with each other in cortical areas where more complex sensory integration that links stimuli occurs. (Teacher’s Note: The sense of smell with regard to certain odors may be increased when one is hungry. This occurs as a result of sensory processing in the cortex that can increase the inpu ...
... association with each other in cortical areas where more complex sensory integration that links stimuli occurs. (Teacher’s Note: The sense of smell with regard to certain odors may be increased when one is hungry. This occurs as a result of sensory processing in the cortex that can increase the inpu ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.