The Central Visual System
... From Single Neurons to Perception From Photoreceptors to Grandmother Cells Grandmother cells: Face-selective neurons in area IT? Probably not: Perception is not based on the activity of individual, higher order cells Parallel Processing and Perception Groups of cortical areas contribute to the perc ...
... From Single Neurons to Perception From Photoreceptors to Grandmother Cells Grandmother cells: Face-selective neurons in area IT? Probably not: Perception is not based on the activity of individual, higher order cells Parallel Processing and Perception Groups of cortical areas contribute to the perc ...
Structural and functional architecture of respiratory networks in the
... particular the respiratory CPG, including the mechanisms underlying the circuit dynamic reconfiguration under different conditions represents a central and challenging problem in neuroscience. Indeed, breathing is a dynamically mutable motor behaviour that not only performs a vital homeostatic funct ...
... particular the respiratory CPG, including the mechanisms underlying the circuit dynamic reconfiguration under different conditions represents a central and challenging problem in neuroscience. Indeed, breathing is a dynamically mutable motor behaviour that not only performs a vital homeostatic funct ...
Correlation between auditory threshold and the auditory brainstem
... After hypoxic-ischemic (HI) injury, diverse mechanisms produce cell damage [31], perinatal brain is especially susceptible to energy failure (decrease of ATP levels), cellular excitotoxicity and oxidative stress which can in turn promote cellular death [32,33], as we can see in Fig 4. Neurons are th ...
... After hypoxic-ischemic (HI) injury, diverse mechanisms produce cell damage [31], perinatal brain is especially susceptible to energy failure (decrease of ATP levels), cellular excitotoxicity and oxidative stress which can in turn promote cellular death [32,33], as we can see in Fig 4. Neurons are th ...
Voltage-Dependent Switching of Sensorimotor Integration by a
... specific pyloric network neurons, including the LP neuron, for several tens of seconds (Fig. 1 A, compare simultaneously recorded LP and PD neuron traces). Moreover, as seen in Figure 1 A–C, repeated sensory nerve stimulation (at 20 sec intervals) elicited successive episodes of LP neuron burst inac ...
... specific pyloric network neurons, including the LP neuron, for several tens of seconds (Fig. 1 A, compare simultaneously recorded LP and PD neuron traces). Moreover, as seen in Figure 1 A–C, repeated sensory nerve stimulation (at 20 sec intervals) elicited successive episodes of LP neuron burst inac ...
Neuroscience: the Science of the Brain
... The brain described in our booklet can do a lot but not everything. It has nerve cells - its building blocks - and these are connected together in networks. These networks are in a constant state of electrical and chemical activity. The brain we describe can see and feel. It can sense pain and its c ...
... The brain described in our booklet can do a lot but not everything. It has nerve cells - its building blocks - and these are connected together in networks. These networks are in a constant state of electrical and chemical activity. The brain we describe can see and feel. It can sense pain and its c ...
The Nervous System
... living human brains—and showing an astonishing level of detail about learning, emotions, and memory. Chief among these harmless techniques is functional magnetic resonance imaging, or fMRI. Regular MRI shows the location of soft tissue; fMRI tracks the movement of glucose through the brain. Because ...
... living human brains—and showing an astonishing level of detail about learning, emotions, and memory. Chief among these harmless techniques is functional magnetic resonance imaging, or fMRI. Regular MRI shows the location of soft tissue; fMRI tracks the movement of glucose through the brain. Because ...
BAOJ Neurology
... subiculum, which again project back to the entorhinal cortex [1]. The hippocampus is differentiated along its length, the dorsal part being involved in learning and memory and the ventral part being associated to emotionality. This topological difference is linked to different functions: The ventral ...
... subiculum, which again project back to the entorhinal cortex [1]. The hippocampus is differentiated along its length, the dorsal part being involved in learning and memory and the ventral part being associated to emotionality. This topological difference is linked to different functions: The ventral ...
Circuits through prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and ventral anterior
... The ventral anterior (VA) nucleus of the thalamus is connected with prefrontal and premotor cortices and with the basal ganglia. Although classically associated with motor functions, recent evidence implicates the basal ganglia in cognition and emotion as well. Here, we used two complementary approa ...
... The ventral anterior (VA) nucleus of the thalamus is connected with prefrontal and premotor cortices and with the basal ganglia. Although classically associated with motor functions, recent evidence implicates the basal ganglia in cognition and emotion as well. Here, we used two complementary approa ...
Dopamine is produced in the rat spinal cord and regulates
... et al., 2012), indicating that DA in regions other than the brain may modulate micturition. Recent studies revealed that autonomic neurons in the rat lower spinal cord express DA receptors (Gladwell et al., 1999; Stafford and Coote, 2006), suggesting that DA released within the cord helps regulate a ...
... et al., 2012), indicating that DA in regions other than the brain may modulate micturition. Recent studies revealed that autonomic neurons in the rat lower spinal cord express DA receptors (Gladwell et al., 1999; Stafford and Coote, 2006), suggesting that DA released within the cord helps regulate a ...
Cortical afferents to the smooth-pursuit region of the macaque
... sessions they sat in a primate chair with their head held stationary. Eye position was obtained from a search coil implanted in one eye. To enhance the accuracy and reproducibility of electrode penetrations and subsequent injections, a plastic grid with 1-mm spacing between adjacent holes (Crist Ins ...
... sessions they sat in a primate chair with their head held stationary. Eye position was obtained from a search coil implanted in one eye. To enhance the accuracy and reproducibility of electrode penetrations and subsequent injections, a plastic grid with 1-mm spacing between adjacent holes (Crist Ins ...
PDF
... et al., 2003). During embryogenesis, Lhx6 is induced in Nkx2.1expressing MGE progenitors as they exit the cell cycle and colonise the subventricular zone (SVZ) (Flames et al., 2007; Liodis et al., 2007). Such Lhx6-expressing immature neurons also produce GABA (Liodis et al., 2007; Marin et al., 2000 ...
... et al., 2003). During embryogenesis, Lhx6 is induced in Nkx2.1expressing MGE progenitors as they exit the cell cycle and colonise the subventricular zone (SVZ) (Flames et al., 2007; Liodis et al., 2007). Such Lhx6-expressing immature neurons also produce GABA (Liodis et al., 2007; Marin et al., 2000 ...
The interplay between neurons and glia in synapse
... [47]. It is still unclear how calcium signaling initiates glutamate release in this context. Astrocytes undergo global and local calcium transients and the calcium signaling properties of these glial cells have been investigated for some time. Still our understanding of their roles in synaptic tran ...
... [47]. It is still unclear how calcium signaling initiates glutamate release in this context. Astrocytes undergo global and local calcium transients and the calcium signaling properties of these glial cells have been investigated for some time. Still our understanding of their roles in synaptic tran ...
Saccade-related spread of activity across superior colliculus may
... First, we assumed that neurons within the SC are uniformly distributed (same number of cells per square millimeter everywhere on the map), as was assumed in previous studies. Second, we assumed that connection strength was determined by the distance measured on either the SC map (the SC-symmetric ke ...
... First, we assumed that neurons within the SC are uniformly distributed (same number of cells per square millimeter everywhere on the map), as was assumed in previous studies. Second, we assumed that connection strength was determined by the distance measured on either the SC map (the SC-symmetric ke ...
Enhanced intrinsic excitability and EPSP
... manuscript and Shobha Anilkumar for technical assistance with Golgi-Cox staining. Grants: The research was funded by intramural research funds from NCBS (Grant ...
... manuscript and Shobha Anilkumar for technical assistance with Golgi-Cox staining. Grants: The research was funded by intramural research funds from NCBS (Grant ...
Frankland lecture FINAL
... -- does the study generate a new hypothesis, provide evidence for an old hypothesis; contradict existing dogma? 2. Methods -- describe methods used to address the question (transgenic mouse, electrophysiology, behavioral testing) -- are these methods novel? would alternative methods have been better ...
... -- does the study generate a new hypothesis, provide evidence for an old hypothesis; contradict existing dogma? 2. Methods -- describe methods used to address the question (transgenic mouse, electrophysiology, behavioral testing) -- are these methods novel? would alternative methods have been better ...
A Review of Cell Assemblies by Huyck and
... understanding the behaviour of a neuron because it shows when neurons spike, and it is widely believed that spiking is how most information is passed between neurons. Electrodes have been used for neural recordings for quite some time (e.g. Hubel and Wiesel, 1962; Foster and Alexander, 1971). The us ...
... understanding the behaviour of a neuron because it shows when neurons spike, and it is widely believed that spiking is how most information is passed between neurons. Electrodes have been used for neural recordings for quite some time (e.g. Hubel and Wiesel, 1962; Foster and Alexander, 1971). The us ...
Hormones
... hormones (so if it needs oxygenated blood it gets it from its own arteries) Hypothalamic hormones travel through the portal veins to the ANTERIOR PITUITARY where they stimulate or inhibit release of hormones from the anterior pituitary ...
... hormones (so if it needs oxygenated blood it gets it from its own arteries) Hypothalamic hormones travel through the portal veins to the ANTERIOR PITUITARY where they stimulate or inhibit release of hormones from the anterior pituitary ...
T3 Final Paper - Drew University
... input. In contrast to previous recordings conducted in the lab, none of the cells recorded showed clear patterned responses to any of the odors presented, suggesting that they were not tuned. However, a more clear relationship between the peak of the LFP signal and the firing of an action potential ...
... input. In contrast to previous recordings conducted in the lab, none of the cells recorded showed clear patterned responses to any of the odors presented, suggesting that they were not tuned. However, a more clear relationship between the peak of the LFP signal and the firing of an action potential ...
Modelling fast stimulus-response association learning along the
... There appear to be at least two stages in learning SR rules, the first being driven by the instruction and the second driven by actual or possibly mentally simulated practice. The first uses a network of PFC, PM and PPC areas (Ruge and Wolfensteller, 2009; Cole et al, 2010; Brass et al., 2009). The ...
... There appear to be at least two stages in learning SR rules, the first being driven by the instruction and the second driven by actual or possibly mentally simulated practice. The first uses a network of PFC, PM and PPC areas (Ruge and Wolfensteller, 2009; Cole et al, 2010; Brass et al., 2009). The ...
ling411-19-Learning - OWL-Space
... Genetic factors determine general area for a particular type of knowledge Within this general area the learning-based proximity factors select a more narrowly defined location Thus the exact localization depends on experience of the individual When part of the system is damaged, learning-bas ...
... Genetic factors determine general area for a particular type of knowledge Within this general area the learning-based proximity factors select a more narrowly defined location Thus the exact localization depends on experience of the individual When part of the system is damaged, learning-bas ...
Turtle Dorsal Cortex Pyramidal Neurons Comprise Two Distinct Cell
... Procedures used in this study were approved by Washington University’s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and conform to the guidelines of the National Institutes of Health on the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans, 150–200 g weight, 12–1 ...
... Procedures used in this study were approved by Washington University’s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and conform to the guidelines of the National Institutes of Health on the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans, 150–200 g weight, 12–1 ...
Протокол
... Because the optic nerve is actually a tract of the central nervous system, myelinated by oligodendrocytes, it is susceptible to demyelinating disease (multiple sclerosis). Cerebrovascular accidents regularly involve the optic tract as it passes the junction of the internal carotid and middle cerebra ...
... Because the optic nerve is actually a tract of the central nervous system, myelinated by oligodendrocytes, it is susceptible to demyelinating disease (multiple sclerosis). Cerebrovascular accidents regularly involve the optic tract as it passes the junction of the internal carotid and middle cerebra ...
Exam 5 Study Guide
... Understand how the makeup of the spinal cord changes from the superior to inferior ends. Understand what makes white and gray matter. Identify the meninges within the spinal cord and identify the epidural space on a diagram or on a model. Identify rootlets and roots. Distinguish the function of ante ...
... Understand how the makeup of the spinal cord changes from the superior to inferior ends. Understand what makes white and gray matter. Identify the meninges within the spinal cord and identify the epidural space on a diagram or on a model. Identify rootlets and roots. Distinguish the function of ante ...
Nervous System I - Union County College
... • Resting or Membrane Potential: a small difference in voltage across the cell membrane; the cell is normally negatively charged. – This allows the neuron to be ready to respond more quickly than it could if it were electrically neutral. – Think about a car battery. It retains a charge so that the c ...
... • Resting or Membrane Potential: a small difference in voltage across the cell membrane; the cell is normally negatively charged. – This allows the neuron to be ready to respond more quickly than it could if it were electrically neutral. – Think about a car battery. It retains a charge so that the c ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.