Neuronal morphology in the African elephant (Loxodonta africana
... et al. 2009). Thus, examination of neuronal morphology in elephants is essential for understanding broader phylogenetic patterns of neuromorphological evolution in Afrotherians and provides data concerning the scaling of neuronal somatodendritic geometry with increasing body and brain size (Tower 19 ...
... et al. 2009). Thus, examination of neuronal morphology in elephants is essential for understanding broader phylogenetic patterns of neuromorphological evolution in Afrotherians and provides data concerning the scaling of neuronal somatodendritic geometry with increasing body and brain size (Tower 19 ...
Lecture 14 (Chapter 13) Last Quiz The Adult Spinal Cord Gross
... Classification of Reflexes There are several ways to classify reflexes but most common is by complexity of the neural circuit: monosynaptic vs polysynaptic ...
... Classification of Reflexes There are several ways to classify reflexes but most common is by complexity of the neural circuit: monosynaptic vs polysynaptic ...
A Neural Mass Model to Simulate Different Rhythms in a Cortical
... 2.1. Model of a Single Cortical Region. The model of a cortical region presented here is a modified version of the model proposed by Wendling et al. [7]. It consists of four neural populations which communicate via excitatory and inhibitory synapses: pyramidal cells, excitatory interneurons, inhibit ...
... 2.1. Model of a Single Cortical Region. The model of a cortical region presented here is a modified version of the model proposed by Wendling et al. [7]. It consists of four neural populations which communicate via excitatory and inhibitory synapses: pyramidal cells, excitatory interneurons, inhibit ...
Spike-Wave Complexes and Fast Components of Cortically
... Timofeev, Igor, François Grenier, and Mircea Steriade. Spikewave complexes and fast components of cortically generated seizures. IV. Paroxysmal fast runs in cortical and thalamic neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 1495–1513, 1998. In the preceding papers of this series, we have analyzed the cellular pat ...
... Timofeev, Igor, François Grenier, and Mircea Steriade. Spikewave complexes and fast components of cortically generated seizures. IV. Paroxysmal fast runs in cortical and thalamic neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 1495–1513, 1998. In the preceding papers of this series, we have analyzed the cellular pat ...
Encoding of Movement Fragments in the Motor Cortex
... Previous studies have suggested that complex movements can be elicited by electrical stimulation of the motor cortex. Most recording studies in the motor cortex, however, have investigated the encoding of time-independent features of movement such as direction, velocity, position, or force. Here, we ...
... Previous studies have suggested that complex movements can be elicited by electrical stimulation of the motor cortex. Most recording studies in the motor cortex, however, have investigated the encoding of time-independent features of movement such as direction, velocity, position, or force. Here, we ...
The Nervous System
... • All cells experience graded potentials when stimulated – And can result in the activation of smaller cells ...
... • All cells experience graded potentials when stimulated – And can result in the activation of smaller cells ...
BRAINSTEM
... Transmits taste from the anterior 2/3 of tongue via the chorda tympani nerve. Receives information from taste buds located in the fungiform and foliate papillae. Sensory and autonomic root of the facial nerve. Chorda tympani actually arises from this segment of VII. Cell bodies lie in the geniculate ...
... Transmits taste from the anterior 2/3 of tongue via the chorda tympani nerve. Receives information from taste buds located in the fungiform and foliate papillae. Sensory and autonomic root of the facial nerve. Chorda tympani actually arises from this segment of VII. Cell bodies lie in the geniculate ...
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) expression and inhibitory
... should be broken into only 3 categories based on the gene expression of parvalbumin (PV), somatostatin (SST) and the serotonin receptor 5HT3a (5HT3aR). PV cells make up 40% of all interneurons while SST and 5HT3aR each make up 30% (Rudy, Fishell, Lee, & Hjerling-Leffler, 2011). While this is a nice ...
... should be broken into only 3 categories based on the gene expression of parvalbumin (PV), somatostatin (SST) and the serotonin receptor 5HT3a (5HT3aR). PV cells make up 40% of all interneurons while SST and 5HT3aR each make up 30% (Rudy, Fishell, Lee, & Hjerling-Leffler, 2011). While this is a nice ...
Replacement of Receptor Cells in the Hamster
... levels, there was considerable variability and this increase was not statistically different from control levels (P — 0.24). By day 21, however, the number of replacement cells had decreased back to 68.8% of control. This decrease was statistically significant (P < 0.05). At longer recovery times (2 ...
... levels, there was considerable variability and this increase was not statistically different from control levels (P — 0.24). By day 21, however, the number of replacement cells had decreased back to 68.8% of control. This decrease was statistically significant (P < 0.05). At longer recovery times (2 ...
Dynamics of sensory processing in the dual olfactory pathway of the
... mixtures at the AL output (Galizia and Kimmerle 2004; Krofczik et al. 2008; Yamagata et al. 2009). 3.2. Characteristic differences of lateral and median uniglomerular projection neurons Based on intracellular recording and staining of uniglomerular projection neurons, Müller et al. (2002) reported t ...
... mixtures at the AL output (Galizia and Kimmerle 2004; Krofczik et al. 2008; Yamagata et al. 2009). 3.2. Characteristic differences of lateral and median uniglomerular projection neurons Based on intracellular recording and staining of uniglomerular projection neurons, Müller et al. (2002) reported t ...
Characterization of peripheral osmoreceptors - diss.fu
... containing membrane-impermeant substances lead to water efflux from the cell cytoplasm thereby dehydrating the cell and decreasing its volume ...
... containing membrane-impermeant substances lead to water efflux from the cell cytoplasm thereby dehydrating the cell and decreasing its volume ...
Developments in understanding neuronal spike trains and functional
... (Koch, 1999). Put simply, there is significant presence of neuronal processing that involves dependency only on single spikes or on the time interval between spikes. This latter point is critical since it indicates that the time between spikes, the inter-spike interval (ISI), may contain useful info ...
... (Koch, 1999). Put simply, there is significant presence of neuronal processing that involves dependency only on single spikes or on the time interval between spikes. This latter point is critical since it indicates that the time between spikes, the inter-spike interval (ISI), may contain useful info ...
and Third-Order Neurons of Cockroach Ocelli
... component, l(f), as shown in Fig. 2. I0 was constant at 20 #W/cm 2 throughout this study. l(f) was defined by modulation frequency (Hertz) and depth of modulation. The depth is defined in the conventional fashion, (I,,~, - I~,)/(I~, + I,a,), where Imp,is the maximum illuminance and I ~ is the minimu ...
... component, l(f), as shown in Fig. 2. I0 was constant at 20 #W/cm 2 throughout this study. l(f) was defined by modulation frequency (Hertz) and depth of modulation. The depth is defined in the conventional fashion, (I,,~, - I~,)/(I~, + I,a,), where Imp,is the maximum illuminance and I ~ is the minimu ...
Neuronal generation, migration, and differentiation in the mouse
... and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan. ...
... and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan. ...
Nervous System I
... In the United States, several brain banks offer tissue sections from thousands of people who willed their brains to science. Unlike donated hearts, lungs, or corneas, which directly help other people, donated brains go to research labs. Many brain banks are specialized. The bank at Harvard Universit ...
... In the United States, several brain banks offer tissue sections from thousands of people who willed their brains to science. Unlike donated hearts, lungs, or corneas, which directly help other people, donated brains go to research labs. Many brain banks are specialized. The bank at Harvard Universit ...
PPT Lecture Slides: January 22, 2002
... • Each is a visual module – connects to other areas – operates largely independently ...
... • Each is a visual module – connects to other areas – operates largely independently ...
Bird Brain: Evolution
... subpallial parts of the mammalian amygdala, and they were renamed as the avian amygdaloid complex. Other regions that were widely recognized to be homologous among vertebrates – the hippocampus, olfactory (piriform) cortex, and olfactory bulb – did not require name changes. ...
... subpallial parts of the mammalian amygdala, and they were renamed as the avian amygdaloid complex. Other regions that were widely recognized to be homologous among vertebrates – the hippocampus, olfactory (piriform) cortex, and olfactory bulb – did not require name changes. ...
The prefrontal cortex encompasses a large and heterogeneous set of
... Architectonic areas of the prefrontal cortex in macaque monkeys, first mapped on the basis of cellular features, and the distribution of myelin (Brodmann, 1905; Vogt and Vogt, 1919; Walker, 1940; Von Bonin and Bailey, 1947; Sanides, 1970; Barbas and Pandya, 1989; Preuss and Goldman-Rakic, 1991; More ...
... Architectonic areas of the prefrontal cortex in macaque monkeys, first mapped on the basis of cellular features, and the distribution of myelin (Brodmann, 1905; Vogt and Vogt, 1919; Walker, 1940; Von Bonin and Bailey, 1947; Sanides, 1970; Barbas and Pandya, 1989; Preuss and Goldman-Rakic, 1991; More ...
31.1 The Neuron - science-b
... Structure of Neurons In some neurons, the axon is surrounded by an insulating membrane known as the myelin sheath. The myelin sheath that surrounds a single, long axon has many gaps, called nodes, where the axon membrane is exposed. ...
... Structure of Neurons In some neurons, the axon is surrounded by an insulating membrane known as the myelin sheath. The myelin sheath that surrounds a single, long axon has many gaps, called nodes, where the axon membrane is exposed. ...
Forecasting & Demand Planner Module 4 – Basic Concepts
... •Gaussian neurons are able to realize non-linear functions. •Therefore, networks of Gaussian units are in principle unrestricted with regard to the functions that they can realize. •The drawback of Gaussian neurons is that we have to make sure that their net input does not exceed 1. •This adds some ...
... •Gaussian neurons are able to realize non-linear functions. •Therefore, networks of Gaussian units are in principle unrestricted with regard to the functions that they can realize. •The drawback of Gaussian neurons is that we have to make sure that their net input does not exceed 1. •This adds some ...
Approximating Number of Hidden layer neurons in Multiple
... number of neurons that should be kept in the hidden layer so that the neural network training time can be reduced and also accuracy in determining target output can be increased. Basically when dealing with the number of neurons in the input layer, one has to analyze about the data which is trained. ...
... number of neurons that should be kept in the hidden layer so that the neural network training time can be reduced and also accuracy in determining target output can be increased. Basically when dealing with the number of neurons in the input layer, one has to analyze about the data which is trained. ...
The Diversity of Cortical Interneurons
... over a few classes, regardless of the enormous amount of information they have to deal with. The functional repertoire of pyramidal cells is supported by the rich diversity of GABAergic interneurons. It's been shown that adding novel interneuron types to the old network even in small numbers can cre ...
... over a few classes, regardless of the enormous amount of information they have to deal with. The functional repertoire of pyramidal cells is supported by the rich diversity of GABAergic interneurons. It's been shown that adding novel interneuron types to the old network even in small numbers can cre ...
David Hunter Hubel. 27 February 1926 — 22 September 2013
... David had no experience in animal research or in electrophysiology, and he regarded himself as fortunate to have a mentor as supportive as Mike. David did an initial experiment with Mike that compared the flexor and extensor reflexes in decerebrate cats, which gave him a thorough grounding in electr ...
... David had no experience in animal research or in electrophysiology, and he regarded himself as fortunate to have a mentor as supportive as Mike. David did an initial experiment with Mike that compared the flexor and extensor reflexes in decerebrate cats, which gave him a thorough grounding in electr ...
Chp33 CVS Regulatory Mechanisms
... • Baroreceptor mechanism is reset in chronic HTN • ?due to opening of K channels ⇒ return of membrane potential to baseline • Resetting occurs rapidly in animals and is rapidly reversible ! ∴ thought baroreceptor reflex responsible for changes in HR and bp on lying/standing ! opposite to long term r ...
... • Baroreceptor mechanism is reset in chronic HTN • ?due to opening of K channels ⇒ return of membrane potential to baseline • Resetting occurs rapidly in animals and is rapidly reversible ! ∴ thought baroreceptor reflex responsible for changes in HR and bp on lying/standing ! opposite to long term r ...
030909.PHitchcock.IntroductoryLecture
... • There are two fundamental cell types in the CNS: neurons (10X109) and glia (10-50X more numerous than neurons). • Neurons communicate to each other via specialized junctions known as synapses. • Neurons are polarized cells that are specialized to receive synapses on dendrites and relay electrical ...
... • There are two fundamental cell types in the CNS: neurons (10X109) and glia (10-50X more numerous than neurons). • Neurons communicate to each other via specialized junctions known as synapses. • Neurons are polarized cells that are specialized to receive synapses on dendrites and relay electrical ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.