Maruska & Tricas 2011
... Lubbell Labs, frequency response 100 Hz–10 kHz) positioned beneath the fish. Prior to experiments, a calibrated mini-hydrophone (Bruel and Kjaer 8103) was positioned at the location normally occupied by the fish head, and a stimulus routine was run to generate a frequencystimulus amplitude lookup tabl ...
... Lubbell Labs, frequency response 100 Hz–10 kHz) positioned beneath the fish. Prior to experiments, a calibrated mini-hydrophone (Bruel and Kjaer 8103) was positioned at the location normally occupied by the fish head, and a stimulus routine was run to generate a frequencystimulus amplitude lookup tabl ...
The Role of NMDA and Non-NMDA Excitatory Amino Acid
... and Willis, 199 I a,b, Dougherty et al., 1992). Recordings from STT cells were made within 750 pm from the nearest edge of the microdialysis fiber and were generally much closer than this. Variation in the distance of the recording sites from the fiber did not result in any apparent differences in t ...
... and Willis, 199 I a,b, Dougherty et al., 1992). Recordings from STT cells were made within 750 pm from the nearest edge of the microdialysis fiber and were generally much closer than this. Variation in the distance of the recording sites from the fiber did not result in any apparent differences in t ...
Propagation of cortical synfire activity: survival probability in single
... Table 2. They were chosen to conform to the experimental literature (Kandel et al., 1991; Tuckwell, 1988) and resulted in a value of the membrane time constant of t 10 ms. ...
... Table 2. They were chosen to conform to the experimental literature (Kandel et al., 1991; Tuckwell, 1988) and resulted in a value of the membrane time constant of t 10 ms. ...
Gustatory Processing in Drosophila Higher Brain Centers By
... cyclase–activating peptide) and is thought to activate the adenylyl cyclase encoded by rut, was not identified until much later. This gene is preferentially expressed in the dorsal paired medial (DPM) neurons (Waddell et al., 2000), which have been shown to play an important role in memory consolida ...
... cyclase–activating peptide) and is thought to activate the adenylyl cyclase encoded by rut, was not identified until much later. This gene is preferentially expressed in the dorsal paired medial (DPM) neurons (Waddell et al., 2000), which have been shown to play an important role in memory consolida ...
MSH-induced inhibition of oxytocin cells
... inhibited only (both vasopressin cells), the mean response was ⫺0.6 ⫾ 0.2 spikes/train, maximal at 170 ⫾ 42 ms (not shown). Thus inhibitory responses were slightly more prominent among oxytocin cells than among vasopressin cells (9/20 vs. 6/22 cells). Otherwise, responses to OVLT stimulation were ve ...
... inhibited only (both vasopressin cells), the mean response was ⫺0.6 ⫾ 0.2 spikes/train, maximal at 170 ⫾ 42 ms (not shown). Thus inhibitory responses were slightly more prominent among oxytocin cells than among vasopressin cells (9/20 vs. 6/22 cells). Otherwise, responses to OVLT stimulation were ve ...
Centre for the Biology of Memory
... animal’s environment. In 2005, researchers discovered grid cells in the entorhinal cortex, which form a map with coordinates that are comparable to those on a map you can buy in a bookshop. The following year, researchers found cells that function like a compass and a speedometer. More recent resear ...
... animal’s environment. In 2005, researchers discovered grid cells in the entorhinal cortex, which form a map with coordinates that are comparable to those on a map you can buy in a bookshop. The following year, researchers found cells that function like a compass and a speedometer. More recent resear ...
subjective beings with mental states
... Science usually works from a 3rd person perspective: this means that researchers adopt an objective point of view, seeing all evidence as a physical object. Recently, scientists studying human consciousness have argued for using a 1st person perspective as another means of gathering evidence: collec ...
... Science usually works from a 3rd person perspective: this means that researchers adopt an objective point of view, seeing all evidence as a physical object. Recently, scientists studying human consciousness have argued for using a 1st person perspective as another means of gathering evidence: collec ...
Directional guidance of interneuron migration to the cerebral cortex
... Wichterle et al., 2001). Thus, although interneurons use layerspecific migratory routes at different developmental stages, the direction of migration, from subcortical to cortical territories, is maintained (reviewed by Marín and Rubenstein, 2001). This directionality could be explained by the prese ...
... Wichterle et al., 2001). Thus, although interneurons use layerspecific migratory routes at different developmental stages, the direction of migration, from subcortical to cortical territories, is maintained (reviewed by Marín and Rubenstein, 2001). This directionality could be explained by the prese ...
cortical input to the basal forebrain
... *Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, U.S.A. †Department of Pharmacology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ‡University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, U.S.A. §Department of Basic Health Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee ...
... *Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, U.S.A. †Department of Pharmacology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ‡University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, U.S.A. §Department of Basic Health Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee ...
Field-theoretic approach to fluctuation effects in neural networks
... correlations such as 具ni共t兲n j共t⬘兲典 共as shown below, for the effective spike model this produces the Wilson-Cowan equation兲. Using the machinery of stochastic field theory, we will demonstrate how to calculate these quantities and the equations governing their evolution. Because it does not account ...
... correlations such as 具ni共t兲n j共t⬘兲典 共as shown below, for the effective spike model this produces the Wilson-Cowan equation兲. Using the machinery of stochastic field theory, we will demonstrate how to calculate these quantities and the equations governing their evolution. Because it does not account ...
Contributions of Retinal Ganglion Cells to
... glutamate release from rods and cones. This reduction in glutamate release effectively excites bipolar cells expressing metabotropic sign-inverting glutamate receptors (On bipolar cells) by removing inhibition and causes these cells to release glutamate from their terminals in the inner plexiform la ...
... glutamate release from rods and cones. This reduction in glutamate release effectively excites bipolar cells expressing metabotropic sign-inverting glutamate receptors (On bipolar cells) by removing inhibition and causes these cells to release glutamate from their terminals in the inner plexiform la ...
Local functions for FMRP in axon growth cone motility and activity
... (Fig. 3A), as done by others (Prange and Murphy, 2001), since it is difficult during this stage of development in culture (2 weeks) to unequivocally distinguish spines from filopodium based solely on morphologic criteria. This is because filopodia are abundant and many spines have an ambiguous morph ...
... (Fig. 3A), as done by others (Prange and Murphy, 2001), since it is difficult during this stage of development in culture (2 weeks) to unequivocally distinguish spines from filopodium based solely on morphologic criteria. This is because filopodia are abundant and many spines have an ambiguous morph ...
Phase precession and phase locking of hippocampal pyramidal cells
... within the model network. There are two important changes in control in our networks. One occurs in the transition from out-ofplace field to in-place field behavior, which is externally triggered at the beginning of the place field of P and allows P to take control of the firing pattern of the inter ...
... within the model network. There are two important changes in control in our networks. One occurs in the transition from out-ofplace field to in-place field behavior, which is externally triggered at the beginning of the place field of P and allows P to take control of the firing pattern of the inter ...
The role of brain in the regulation of glucose homeostasis
... and were completely silent when plasma glucose level rose to 10–12 mM or to a brain glucose level of 3.2–3.4 mM. Types 2 and 3 neurons were only inhibited by plasma glucose levels of 17 mM and higher. Type 4 neurons increases firing rate when the level of blood glucose exceeds 7 mM.[10,13] According ...
... and were completely silent when plasma glucose level rose to 10–12 mM or to a brain glucose level of 3.2–3.4 mM. Types 2 and 3 neurons were only inhibited by plasma glucose levels of 17 mM and higher. Type 4 neurons increases firing rate when the level of blood glucose exceeds 7 mM.[10,13] According ...
Kandel ch. 42 - Weizmann Institute of Science
... Mossy fibers originate from nuclei in the spinal cord and brain stem and carry sensory information from the periphery as well as information from the cerebral cortex. They terminate as excitatory synapses on the dendrites of granule cells in the granular layer (Figure 42-4). The axons of the granule ...
... Mossy fibers originate from nuclei in the spinal cord and brain stem and carry sensory information from the periphery as well as information from the cerebral cortex. They terminate as excitatory synapses on the dendrites of granule cells in the granular layer (Figure 42-4). The axons of the granule ...
Cerebellar fastigial nucleus: from anatomic construction to
... cerebellar nuclei and short axons connecting only with neurons within the FN, respectively [1, 14]. Based on the transmitter phenotypes, glutamatergic, GABAergic as well as glycinergic neurons have been identified in the FN [1, 14, 15]. In addition, electrophysiological features (e.g. action potenti ...
... cerebellar nuclei and short axons connecting only with neurons within the FN, respectively [1, 14]. Based on the transmitter phenotypes, glutamatergic, GABAergic as well as glycinergic neurons have been identified in the FN [1, 14, 15]. In addition, electrophysiological features (e.g. action potenti ...
Vertical Organization of r=Aminobutyric Acid
... of Anatomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92717. 3 To whom correspondence should be addressed, at his present address: Department of Anatomy, Unrversity of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92717. ...
... of Anatomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92717. 3 To whom correspondence should be addressed, at his present address: Department of Anatomy, Unrversity of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92717. ...
2016 prephd course work study material on development of BPN
... recognition successes of the Twentieth Century. It certainly sounds more exciting than a technical description such as “A network of weighted, additive values with nonlinear transfer functions”. However, despite the name, neural networks are far from “thinking machines” or “artificial brains”. A typ ...
... recognition successes of the Twentieth Century. It certainly sounds more exciting than a technical description such as “A network of weighted, additive values with nonlinear transfer functions”. However, despite the name, neural networks are far from “thinking machines” or “artificial brains”. A typ ...
Full version (PDF file)
... Fig. 2. Cell electrophysiological properties of postsynaptic potentials evoked by ventral and dorsal focal electrical stimuli in NAc core neurons. (A) Both DPSP amplitudes were graded with stimulus intensities. T shows the threshold intensity of stimulus to evoke DPSP. (B) Responses to the same elec ...
... Fig. 2. Cell electrophysiological properties of postsynaptic potentials evoked by ventral and dorsal focal electrical stimuli in NAc core neurons. (A) Both DPSP amplitudes were graded with stimulus intensities. T shows the threshold intensity of stimulus to evoke DPSP. (B) Responses to the same elec ...
Forebrain Origins and Terminations of the Medial Forebrain Bundle
... the anterior ventral tegmentum (C. Bielajew and P. Shizgal, manuscript submitted for publication; Gallistel et al., 1981). The detailed quantitative information from these new behavioral methods makes it reasonable to use microelectrode recording methods in a search for the somata of axons that cour ...
... the anterior ventral tegmentum (C. Bielajew and P. Shizgal, manuscript submitted for publication; Gallistel et al., 1981). The detailed quantitative information from these new behavioral methods makes it reasonable to use microelectrode recording methods in a search for the somata of axons that cour ...
Uncinate Fasciculus
... • More specifically, the uncinate may play a role in lexical retrieval of semanOc knowledge • In healthy older adults, higher FA in the lee uncinate is associated with beRer semanOc memory (de Zubicaray ...
... • More specifically, the uncinate may play a role in lexical retrieval of semanOc knowledge • In healthy older adults, higher FA in the lee uncinate is associated with beRer semanOc memory (de Zubicaray ...
11. The front-end visual system - LGN and cortex
... A striking finding is that most of the input of LGN cells comes from the primary cortex. This is strong feedback from the primary cortex to the LGN. It turns out that by far the majority of the input to LGN cells (nearly 50%) is from higher cortical levels such as V1, and only about 15-20% is from r ...
... A striking finding is that most of the input of LGN cells comes from the primary cortex. This is strong feedback from the primary cortex to the LGN. It turns out that by far the majority of the input to LGN cells (nearly 50%) is from higher cortical levels such as V1, and only about 15-20% is from r ...
Alaskan Husky encephalopathy - UC Davis School of Veterinary
... Distribution and classification of the lesions. All five dogs had histopathological CNS lesions of similar nature and distribution but of variable severity. Brain lesions were found in the cerebrum, brain stem and cerebellum, and occurred in two distribution patterns: (1) bilateral and symmetrical d ...
... Distribution and classification of the lesions. All five dogs had histopathological CNS lesions of similar nature and distribution but of variable severity. Brain lesions were found in the cerebrum, brain stem and cerebellum, and occurred in two distribution patterns: (1) bilateral and symmetrical d ...
Chapter 14 - apsubiology.org
... elevates blood glucose levels for use by nervous tissue shifts cellular metabolism to fats for other tissues stimulates the reticular activating system (RAS) of the brain, increasing mental alertness ...
... elevates blood glucose levels for use by nervous tissue shifts cellular metabolism to fats for other tissues stimulates the reticular activating system (RAS) of the brain, increasing mental alertness ...
Evolution of Specialized Pyramidal Neurons in
... portionally larger with increases in body weight, brain weight, and encephalization whereas Meynert somata remain a constant proportion larger than other visual pyramidal cells. Phylogenetic variance in the volumetric scaling of these neuronal subtypes might be related to species-specific adaptation ...
... portionally larger with increases in body weight, brain weight, and encephalization whereas Meynert somata remain a constant proportion larger than other visual pyramidal cells. Phylogenetic variance in the volumetric scaling of these neuronal subtypes might be related to species-specific adaptation ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.