Dendritic Morphology of Pyramidal Neurons in the
... The primate cerebral cortex is characterized by regional variation in the structure of pyramidal neurons, with more complex dendritic arbors and greater spine density observed in prefrontal compared with sensory and motor cortices. Although there are several investigations in humans and other primat ...
... The primate cerebral cortex is characterized by regional variation in the structure of pyramidal neurons, with more complex dendritic arbors and greater spine density observed in prefrontal compared with sensory and motor cortices. Although there are several investigations in humans and other primat ...
Clarke`s column neurons as the focus of a corticospinal corollary circuit
... provide anatomical evidence that a subset of Clarke’s column dSC neurons in receipt of proprioceptive sensory input are also contacted by the terminals of corticospinal neurons. To assess the function of these corticospinal inputs, we analyzed the response of fluorogold-labeled Clarke’s column dSC n ...
... provide anatomical evidence that a subset of Clarke’s column dSC neurons in receipt of proprioceptive sensory input are also contacted by the terminals of corticospinal neurons. To assess the function of these corticospinal inputs, we analyzed the response of fluorogold-labeled Clarke’s column dSC n ...
The limbic system-associated membrane protein
... unpublished observations). The mechanism underlying specific mediation of limbic connectivity is unknown. In an effort to understand more of the molecular features of LAMP and to define physiological characteristics that could subserve the important developmental functions in which LAMP participates ...
... unpublished observations). The mechanism underlying specific mediation of limbic connectivity is unknown. In an effort to understand more of the molecular features of LAMP and to define physiological characteristics that could subserve the important developmental functions in which LAMP participates ...
Intersegmental synchronization of spontaneous activity of dorsal
... regions. Sampling and averaging of potentials was triggered with pulses generated by a window discriminator activated either by the spontaneous nCDPs recorded from a given (reference) spinal segment, or by stimuli applied to the cutaneous nerves or the ipsilateral foot pad in preparations with intac ...
... regions. Sampling and averaging of potentials was triggered with pulses generated by a window discriminator activated either by the spontaneous nCDPs recorded from a given (reference) spinal segment, or by stimuli applied to the cutaneous nerves or the ipsilateral foot pad in preparations with intac ...
The occipitoparietal pathway of the macaque monkey: comparison
... dorsal superior temporal sulcus (Hikosaka et al., 1988; Andersen et al., 1990). This was achieved by intracellular injection of the naphthalamide tracer Lucifer Yellow in fixed cortical slices. These data also allowed the study of other aspects of basal dendritic field morphology in extrastriate cor ...
... dorsal superior temporal sulcus (Hikosaka et al., 1988; Andersen et al., 1990). This was achieved by intracellular injection of the naphthalamide tracer Lucifer Yellow in fixed cortical slices. These data also allowed the study of other aspects of basal dendritic field morphology in extrastriate cor ...
Modeling goal-directed spatial navigation in the rat based on physiological
... spatial navigation tasks in a T-maze. The roles of neuron populations (ECII, ECIII, CA3, CA1) are based on hypothesized functions of these individual regions in spatial learning and recall tasks. Instead of static data sets, environmental input to model networks changes in accordance with task-speci ...
... spatial navigation tasks in a T-maze. The roles of neuron populations (ECII, ECIII, CA3, CA1) are based on hypothesized functions of these individual regions in spatial learning and recall tasks. Instead of static data sets, environmental input to model networks changes in accordance with task-speci ...
- Orange Coast College
... Basal cells generate new receptor cells every 1-2 months. Supporting cells contain enzymes that oxidize hydrophobic volatile odorants. ...
... Basal cells generate new receptor cells every 1-2 months. Supporting cells contain enzymes that oxidize hydrophobic volatile odorants. ...
- Hayden Lab
... the value of the safe offer) was lower than for medium (blue) gambles (0.52). This difference, and also the fact that both large- and medium-reward PSEs were lower than 1, indicates strong riskseeking tendencies (cf. McCoy and Platt, 2005). This riskseeking pattern is consistent with what we and oth ...
... the value of the safe offer) was lower than for medium (blue) gambles (0.52). This difference, and also the fact that both large- and medium-reward PSEs were lower than 1, indicates strong riskseeking tendencies (cf. McCoy and Platt, 2005). This riskseeking pattern is consistent with what we and oth ...
satellite frequency assignments using transiently chaotic neural
... of consecutive unit segments whose width can be set arbitrarily. The application of their method on both the intersystem problem and intrasystem problem showed that the method was helpful in the satellites orbit separation and noise reduction for carriers [4]. Funabiki and Nishikawa [5] solved the F ...
... of consecutive unit segments whose width can be set arbitrarily. The application of their method on both the intersystem problem and intrasystem problem showed that the method was helpful in the satellites orbit separation and noise reduction for carriers [4]. Funabiki and Nishikawa [5] solved the F ...
Learning, Reward and Decision-Making
... in this domain has been performed using instrumental conditioning, and we focus on this theme in the remainder of this review as well, although we will revisit the Pavlovian case later. Why multiple systems? Given that these various strategies seem to be present in a range of organisms, why do they ...
... in this domain has been performed using instrumental conditioning, and we focus on this theme in the remainder of this review as well, although we will revisit the Pavlovian case later. Why multiple systems? Given that these various strategies seem to be present in a range of organisms, why do they ...
a scaling cross platform tool for the analysis of neurophysiological data
... In case (i) neuron A delivers an electrochemical signal directly to neuron B while in case (ii) neurons B and C share a common input from neuron A. In each case the resulting spike train recordings will show a strong synchronisation (or correlation) between A and B / C while B and C will show a weak ...
... In case (i) neuron A delivers an electrochemical signal directly to neuron B while in case (ii) neurons B and C share a common input from neuron A. In each case the resulting spike train recordings will show a strong synchronisation (or correlation) between A and B / C while B and C will show a weak ...
In a galaxy not too far away - Utrecht University Repository
... As can be seen in figure 1, grid cells have multiple receptive fields ‘mapping’ the floor of an environment. Because grid fields have different spacing, ranging from approximately 25 cm for cells situated dorsally, to several meters for the ventral cells (Marozzi & Jeffrey, 2012), it has been propos ...
... As can be seen in figure 1, grid cells have multiple receptive fields ‘mapping’ the floor of an environment. Because grid fields have different spacing, ranging from approximately 25 cm for cells situated dorsally, to several meters for the ventral cells (Marozzi & Jeffrey, 2012), it has been propos ...
Understanding Opioid Reward Howard L. Fields and Elyssa B
... GABA, and a variety of neuropeptides (Box 2). Another caveat to these experiments is that TH mRNA expression has been observed in neurons with varying levels of vesicular monoamine transporter expression, raising the possibility that some TH positive neurons may not release dopamine through a classi ...
... GABA, and a variety of neuropeptides (Box 2). Another caveat to these experiments is that TH mRNA expression has been observed in neurons with varying levels of vesicular monoamine transporter expression, raising the possibility that some TH positive neurons may not release dopamine through a classi ...
Reverse pharmacology of orexin
... patients indicated that orexins are highly important factors for the sleep/wakefulness regulation. The efferent and afferent systems of orexinproducing neurons suggest interactions between these cells and arousal centers in the brainstem as well as important feeding centers in the hypothalamus. Elec ...
... patients indicated that orexins are highly important factors for the sleep/wakefulness regulation. The efferent and afferent systems of orexinproducing neurons suggest interactions between these cells and arousal centers in the brainstem as well as important feeding centers in the hypothalamus. Elec ...
Institute of Psychology C.N.R.
... happens to develop that determines the actual value. The notion of a reaction norm is perhaps too simple for dealing with the more complex cases of gene/environment interaction but it appears to be useful to indicate in general terms the type of interaction between genes and environment that cause t ...
... happens to develop that determines the actual value. The notion of a reaction norm is perhaps too simple for dealing with the more complex cases of gene/environment interaction but it appears to be useful to indicate in general terms the type of interaction between genes and environment that cause t ...
Chapter 49 and 50 Presentations-Sensory and Motor Mechanisms
... control which you have over whole muscles. There are two basic ways in which graded muscle contractions are controlled by the nervous system. 1. By varying the number of muscle fibers that contract. 2. By varying the rate at which the fibers are ...
... control which you have over whole muscles. There are two basic ways in which graded muscle contractions are controlled by the nervous system. 1. By varying the number of muscle fibers that contract. 2. By varying the rate at which the fibers are ...
The human brain in numbers: a linearly scaled-up
... primate or cetacean (Marino, 1998). The position of the human species as an outlier in the body × brain comparison is made clear if one considers that although gorillas and orangutans overlap or exceed humans in body size, their brains amount to only about one-third of the size of the human brain. T ...
... primate or cetacean (Marino, 1998). The position of the human species as an outlier in the body × brain comparison is made clear if one considers that although gorillas and orangutans overlap or exceed humans in body size, their brains amount to only about one-third of the size of the human brain. T ...
Fading memory and kernel properties of generic cortical microcircuit
... very short) time windows, regardless of the complexity of the input. In this case the domain D and range R consist of time-varying functions u(Æ), y(Æ) (with analog inputs and outputs), rather than of static character strings. If one excites a sufficiently complex recurrent circuit (or other medium) w ...
... very short) time windows, regardless of the complexity of the input. In this case the domain D and range R consist of time-varying functions u(Æ), y(Æ) (with analog inputs and outputs), rather than of static character strings. If one excites a sufficiently complex recurrent circuit (or other medium) w ...
Oxytocin Influence on the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract
... oxytocin-resistant neurons were in close proximity to oxytocin-sensitive neurons but remained resistant to oxytocin actions. Thus, selective modulation of the NTS is achieved via variation in the oxytocin responsiveness of the second order NTS neurons and heterogeneous innervation by oxytocin-contai ...
... oxytocin-resistant neurons were in close proximity to oxytocin-sensitive neurons but remained resistant to oxytocin actions. Thus, selective modulation of the NTS is achieved via variation in the oxytocin responsiveness of the second order NTS neurons and heterogeneous innervation by oxytocin-contai ...
Optimal Sizes of Dendritic and Axonal Arbors
... 3.2 Other factors affecting arbor sizes One may argue that dendrites and axons have functions other than linking cell bodies to synapses and, therefore, the size of the arbors may be dictated by other considerations. Although I can not rule out this possibility, the primary function ofaxons and dend ...
... 3.2 Other factors affecting arbor sizes One may argue that dendrites and axons have functions other than linking cell bodies to synapses and, therefore, the size of the arbors may be dictated by other considerations. Although I can not rule out this possibility, the primary function ofaxons and dend ...
1 Understanding Neurotransmission and the Disease of Addiction (2
... drugs due to genetic differences among people. Third, many drug abusers abuse more than one drug. Many individuals who take cocaine, for example, also drink alcohol. The combination of the drugs makes it difficult to determine what the effect of one drug alone may be. Another complication is drug ad ...
... drugs due to genetic differences among people. Third, many drug abusers abuse more than one drug. Many individuals who take cocaine, for example, also drink alcohol. The combination of the drugs makes it difficult to determine what the effect of one drug alone may be. Another complication is drug ad ...
Slide 1
... binding protein (CREB), are regulated posttranslationally by phosphorylation; others, like Fos, are regulated transcriptional ly; still others, like Jun, are regulated both posttranslationally and/or transcriptionally. While membrane and cytoplasmic changes may be only local (e.g., dendritic domains ...
... binding protein (CREB), are regulated posttranslationally by phosphorylation; others, like Fos, are regulated transcriptional ly; still others, like Jun, are regulated both posttranslationally and/or transcriptionally. While membrane and cytoplasmic changes may be only local (e.g., dendritic domains ...
Chapter 12
... 12-3 Describe the locations and functions of the various types of neuroglia. 12-4 Explain how the resting potential is created and maintained. 12-5 Describe the events involved in the generation and propagation of an action potential. 12-6 Discuss the factors that affect the speed with which action ...
... 12-3 Describe the locations and functions of the various types of neuroglia. 12-4 Explain how the resting potential is created and maintained. 12-5 Describe the events involved in the generation and propagation of an action potential. 12-6 Discuss the factors that affect the speed with which action ...
An overview of reservoir computing: theory, applications and
... given, it is best to create the reservoir with a uniform pole placement, so that all possible frequencies are maximally covered, an idea which originated from the identification of linear systems using Kautz filters. The random connectivity does not give a clear insight in what is going on in the rese ...
... given, it is best to create the reservoir with a uniform pole placement, so that all possible frequencies are maximally covered, an idea which originated from the identification of linear systems using Kautz filters. The random connectivity does not give a clear insight in what is going on in the rese ...
AND X 2
... Ij : Inputs being presented to the neuron Wj : Weight from input neuron (Ij) to the output neuron LR : The learning rate. This dictates how quickly the network converges. It is set by a matter of experimentation. It is typically 0.1 G51IAI – Introduction to AI ...
... Ij : Inputs being presented to the neuron Wj : Weight from input neuron (Ij) to the output neuron LR : The learning rate. This dictates how quickly the network converges. It is set by a matter of experimentation. It is typically 0.1 G51IAI – Introduction to AI ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.