Climate change: Driving forces
... Free or auctioned allowances: Equity vs. efficiency Only (mostly) free allowances in EU ETS and Norway: higher political feasibility – more acceptable to business Auctioning of allowances more efficient (but lower feasibility) Problems of free allowances: * Conflict between efficiency and equ ...
... Free or auctioned allowances: Equity vs. efficiency Only (mostly) free allowances in EU ETS and Norway: higher political feasibility – more acceptable to business Auctioning of allowances more efficient (but lower feasibility) Problems of free allowances: * Conflict between efficiency and equ ...
the Presentation
... • The National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory(NAEI), developed and managed by AEA, is the basis for reporting to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and provides the authoritative data on the UK’s direct emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases (GHG) split into sectors and sou ...
... • The National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory(NAEI), developed and managed by AEA, is the basis for reporting to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and provides the authoritative data on the UK’s direct emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases (GHG) split into sectors and sou ...
6 July 2012 - United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
... http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/index.html Updated UNFCCC reporting guidelines on annual inventories following incorporation of the provisions of decision 14/CP.11 at ...
... http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/index.html Updated UNFCCC reporting guidelines on annual inventories following incorporation of the provisions of decision 14/CP.11 at ...
Document
... Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry in the United States is a net sink and offsets approximately 15% of these greenhouse gas emissions. ...
... Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry in the United States is a net sink and offsets approximately 15% of these greenhouse gas emissions. ...
Download
... Change (UNFCCC) was agreed at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. 189 countries, including all major developed and developing countries, have ratified the Convention. The UNFCCC sets the overarching objective for multilateral action: to stabilise greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the at ...
... Change (UNFCCC) was agreed at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. 189 countries, including all major developed and developing countries, have ratified the Convention. The UNFCCC sets the overarching objective for multilateral action: to stabilise greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the at ...
Corporate greening falls short
... tax is not appealing to US politicians. Not so. Economic studies suggest that a carbon tax may be more costefficient than a cap-and-trade system (B. B. F. Wittneben Energy Policy 37, 2462–2464; 2009). It provides a clear price signal, requires less bureaucracy, which reduces costs, and accrues reven ...
... tax is not appealing to US politicians. Not so. Economic studies suggest that a carbon tax may be more costefficient than a cap-and-trade system (B. B. F. Wittneben Energy Policy 37, 2462–2464; 2009). It provides a clear price signal, requires less bureaucracy, which reduces costs, and accrues reven ...
Sustainable Responses to Climate Change MKE July 2016
... • Transparency and Finances - $100 billion per year for mitigation and adaptation (but not binding). ...
... • Transparency and Finances - $100 billion per year for mitigation and adaptation (but not binding). ...
Stabilization of Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Do We Live in the Age
... The Stern Report has famously argued that the possibly catastrophic costs of climate change could be avoided by a reductions in greenhouse gases that would cost as little as two percent or so of GDP. Time will show whether this is wishful thinking or based on realistic expectations of technological ...
... The Stern Report has famously argued that the possibly catastrophic costs of climate change could be avoided by a reductions in greenhouse gases that would cost as little as two percent or so of GDP. Time will show whether this is wishful thinking or based on realistic expectations of technological ...
PDF
... not yet decided) , U.S. policy will include a domestic emissions trading system, much like the trading scheme used in the U.S. acid rain program. The total level of U.S. permitted emissions would be allocated as u·adable permits among eligible parties. Emitters with high emiss ion reduction costs co ...
... not yet decided) , U.S. policy will include a domestic emissions trading system, much like the trading scheme used in the U.S. acid rain program. The total level of U.S. permitted emissions would be allocated as u·adable permits among eligible parties. Emitters with high emiss ion reduction costs co ...
Cap and trade v. carbon taxes - Yale Economics
... • All countries would target a comparable tax • Level of tax set to meet environmental target • Use consumption basis for tax Many advantages over cap and trade (see slide below) ...
... • All countries would target a comparable tax • Level of tax set to meet environmental target • Use consumption basis for tax Many advantages over cap and trade (see slide below) ...
What Point of Allocation?
... • The Kyoto Protocol is none of these. • Promising alternative international policy architectures exist, but that’s not our topic for today. ...
... • The Kyoto Protocol is none of these. • Promising alternative international policy architectures exist, but that’s not our topic for today. ...
Climate change
... • The EU Emissions Trading Directive (the Directive) establishes a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community. • It aims to promote reductions of greenhouse gas emissions in a cost-effective and economically efficient manner. • The Directive was transposed into UK law ...
... • The EU Emissions Trading Directive (the Directive) establishes a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community. • It aims to promote reductions of greenhouse gas emissions in a cost-effective and economically efficient manner. • The Directive was transposed into UK law ...
JV: Basic Issues
... Kyoto Protocol The provisions of the Kyoto Protocol and its rulebook The 1997 Kyoto Protocol shares the Convention’s objective, principles and institutions, but significantly strengthens the Convention by committing Annex I Parties to individual, legallybinding targets to limit or reduce their gree ...
... Kyoto Protocol The provisions of the Kyoto Protocol and its rulebook The 1997 Kyoto Protocol shares the Convention’s objective, principles and institutions, but significantly strengthens the Convention by committing Annex I Parties to individual, legallybinding targets to limit or reduce their gree ...
Fiscal Implications of Climate Change
... • Classic prescription to deal with the externality is a ‘carbon price,’ equal to the marginal social damage from emissions • Views differ greatly on the appropriate starting level: often $15-60 /tC (and Stern closer to $100) • But even more important is the expectation of a modest but sustained in ...
... • Classic prescription to deal with the externality is a ‘carbon price,’ equal to the marginal social damage from emissions • Views differ greatly on the appropriate starting level: often $15-60 /tC (and Stern closer to $100) • But even more important is the expectation of a modest but sustained in ...
Climate Change - Crescent School
... *These countries have reached or surpassed their Kyoto target in 2002 but in France and the United Kingdom emissions started to increase in 2002 Canada ...
... *These countries have reached or surpassed their Kyoto target in 2002 but in France and the United Kingdom emissions started to increase in 2002 Canada ...
Harmonized Carbon Taxes What are
... has been major source of “accounting emissions” and has very questionable additionality. For example, in EU-ETS, there have been virtually no internal emissions reductions. The Clean Development Mechanism in EU has 280 million tons of offsets compared to 130 million tons of emissions reductions for ...
... has been major source of “accounting emissions” and has very questionable additionality. For example, in EU-ETS, there have been virtually no internal emissions reductions. The Clean Development Mechanism in EU has 280 million tons of offsets compared to 130 million tons of emissions reductions for ...
The EU is seeking an ambitious international agreement – including
... The EU has already set binding mechanisms for a unilateral 20% greenhouse gas emission reduction by 2020 compared to 1990 levels and is prepared to increase this to 30% if other developed countries commit themselves to comparable reductions, and if economically more advanced developing countries als ...
... The EU has already set binding mechanisms for a unilateral 20% greenhouse gas emission reduction by 2020 compared to 1990 levels and is prepared to increase this to 30% if other developed countries commit themselves to comparable reductions, and if economically more advanced developing countries als ...
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE _____ Issue: Environmental
... Issue: Environmental organizations and some scientists contend that greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from human activities (anthropogenic GHGs) are the principal cause for an increase in average global temperatures. They argue that unless measures are taken to reduce these emissions, the cumulative ef ...
... Issue: Environmental organizations and some scientists contend that greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from human activities (anthropogenic GHGs) are the principal cause for an increase in average global temperatures. They argue that unless measures are taken to reduce these emissions, the cumulative ef ...
Science, Politics and Action by Dr Sharachchandra Lele
... Differences in GHGs • Different effectiveness of warming – Depends on lifetime in atmosphere – Efficiency of molecule ...
... Differences in GHGs • Different effectiveness of warming – Depends on lifetime in atmosphere – Efficiency of molecule ...
Emissions of industrialized countries rose to all time high in
... Many countries are preparing to make active use of the Kyoto Protocol’s “flexible mechanisms” to reach their goal, which allow industrialized countries to meet their emission reduction obligations in a cost-effective manner. The flexibility mechanisms of the Protocol are emissions trading, the clean ...
... Many countries are preparing to make active use of the Kyoto Protocol’s “flexible mechanisms” to reach their goal, which allow industrialized countries to meet their emission reduction obligations in a cost-effective manner. The flexibility mechanisms of the Protocol are emissions trading, the clean ...
How will the United States calculate the climate impact of bioenergy?
... What kind of priority do you think Obama and the Congress should give … (percent saying highest priority) the economy reducing federal spending restructuring the federal tax system ...
... What kind of priority do you think Obama and the Congress should give … (percent saying highest priority) the economy reducing federal spending restructuring the federal tax system ...
Carbon pricing - University of Warwick
... • Potential solutions: – Link climate change policy to technology transfer and development aid – Tougher targets for richer countries, supported by robust trading system ...
... • Potential solutions: – Link climate change policy to technology transfer and development aid – Tougher targets for richer countries, supported by robust trading system ...
Climate Policy and Law
... Sources average to a performance standard and must make up any shortfall by purchasing credits Credits/debits generated automatically by reference to credit line Performance standard can be periodically adjusted, if necessary Examples: lead phase-out from gasoline, low carbon fuel standard, EPA recr ...
... Sources average to a performance standard and must make up any shortfall by purchasing credits Credits/debits generated automatically by reference to credit line Performance standard can be periodically adjusted, if necessary Examples: lead phase-out from gasoline, low carbon fuel standard, EPA recr ...
Sustainability
... Average world GDP growth at constant prices (1980 to 2007) = 3.6% pa Decoupling of world CO2e emissions from economy (1990 to 2007) = 2.4% pa Net business as usual growth of world CO2e emissions = 1.2 % pa ...
... Average world GDP growth at constant prices (1980 to 2007) = 3.6% pa Decoupling of world CO2e emissions from economy (1990 to 2007) = 2.4% pa Net business as usual growth of world CO2e emissions = 1.2 % pa ...
Slide 1
... White areas are where less than two-thirds of models agree, hatched are where 90% of models agree (IPCC SYR) ...
... White areas are where less than two-thirds of models agree, hatched are where 90% of models agree (IPCC SYR) ...
Emissions trading
Emissions trading or cap and trade (""cap"" meaning a legal limit on the quantity of a certain type of chemical an economy can emit each year) is a market-based approach used to control pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving reductions in the emissions of pollutants. Various countries, groups of companies, and states have adopted emission trading systems as one of the strategies for mitigating climate-change by addressing international greenhouse-gas emission.A central authority (usually a governmental body) sets a limit or cap on the amount of a pollutant that may be emitted. The limit or cap is allocated and/or sold by the central authority to firms in the form of emissions permits which represent the right to emit or discharge a specific volume of the specified pollutant. Permits (and possibly also derivatives of permits) can then be traded on secondary markets. For example, the EU ETS trades primarily in European Union Allowances (EUAs), the Californian scheme in California Carbon Allowances, the New Zealand scheme in New Zealand Units and the Australian scheme in Australian Units. Firms are required to hold a number of permits (or allowances or carbon credits) equivalent to their emissions. The total number of permits cannot exceed the cap, limiting total emissions to that level. Firms that need to increase their volume of emissions must buy permits from those who require fewer permits.The transfer of permits is referred to as a ""trade"". In effect, the buyer is paying a charge for polluting, while the seller gains a reward for having reduced emissions. Thus, in theory, those who can reduce emissions most cheaply will do so, achieving the pollution reduction at the lowest cost to society.There are active trading programs in several air pollutants. For greenhouse gases the largest is the European Union Emission Trading Scheme, whose purpose is to avoid dangerous climate change. Cap and trade provides the private sector with the flexibility required to reduce emissions while stimulating technological innovation and economic growth. The United States has a national market to reduce acid rain and several regional markets in nitrogen oxides.