Evolutionarily conserved prefrontal-amygdalar dysfunction in early
... metabolism) and the high-risk phenotype (AT). Specifically, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and high-resolution 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) to first trace the intrinsic functional connectivity of the Ce nucleus in anesthetized young monkeys and then ...
... metabolism) and the high-risk phenotype (AT). Specifically, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and high-resolution 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) to first trace the intrinsic functional connectivity of the Ce nucleus in anesthetized young monkeys and then ...
Swallowing reflex and brain stem neurons activated by superior
... swallowing activity that was associated with esophageal manometric response was observed by visual inspection of the exposed pharynx. Electrical stimulation of the central end of the SLN induced esophageal pressure changes in the esophagus and LES with frequency-dependent responses. Electrical stimu ...
... swallowing activity that was associated with esophageal manometric response was observed by visual inspection of the exposed pharynx. Electrical stimulation of the central end of the SLN induced esophageal pressure changes in the esophagus and LES with frequency-dependent responses. Electrical stimu ...
Nucleus Accumbensμ-Opioids Regulate Intake of a High
... Endogenous opioid peptides within the nucleus accumbens, a forebrain site critical for the regulation of reward-related behavior, are believed to play an important role in the control of appetite. In particular, this system is thought to mediate the hedonic aspects of food intake, governing the posi ...
... Endogenous opioid peptides within the nucleus accumbens, a forebrain site critical for the regulation of reward-related behavior, are believed to play an important role in the control of appetite. In particular, this system is thought to mediate the hedonic aspects of food intake, governing the posi ...
Visually induced and spontaneous behavior in the zebrafish
... with stimulus features, behavioral responses or cognitive states relevant for the behavior. Finally, the "causal" role of the identified circuit is demonstrated by showing its necessity and sufficiency for behavior. Suppression of its activity is used to demonstrate its necessity for eliciting the b ...
... with stimulus features, behavioral responses or cognitive states relevant for the behavior. Finally, the "causal" role of the identified circuit is demonstrated by showing its necessity and sufficiency for behavior. Suppression of its activity is used to demonstrate its necessity for eliciting the b ...
response preparation and inhibition: the role of the
... Abstract—Paradigms requiring either a GO or a NO-GO response are often used to study the neural mechanisms of response inhibition. Here this issue is examined from the perspective of event-related beta (14 –30 Hz) oscillatory activity. Two macaque monkeys performed a task that began with a self-init ...
... Abstract—Paradigms requiring either a GO or a NO-GO response are often used to study the neural mechanisms of response inhibition. Here this issue is examined from the perspective of event-related beta (14 –30 Hz) oscillatory activity. Two macaque monkeys performed a task that began with a self-init ...
Cholecystokinin Modulates Migration of
... In addition, migrating GnRH-1 neurons in nasal regions express CCK-1R but not CCK-2R receptors. The role of CCK in olfactory–GnRH-1 system development was evaluated using nasal explants, after assessing that the in vivo expression of both CCK and CCK receptors was mimicked in this in vitro model. Ex ...
... In addition, migrating GnRH-1 neurons in nasal regions express CCK-1R but not CCK-2R receptors. The role of CCK in olfactory–GnRH-1 system development was evaluated using nasal explants, after assessing that the in vivo expression of both CCK and CCK receptors was mimicked in this in vitro model. Ex ...
α7 and β2 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Subunits Form
... Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are pentameric ligand-gated ion channels. A total of 11 nAChR subunits (α2–7, α9–10, and β2–4) have been cloned from mammalian neuronal tissue [1]. Of these, the α7 and α9 subunits can form homomeric receptors when expressed in heterologous express ...
... Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are pentameric ligand-gated ion channels. A total of 11 nAChR subunits (α2–7, α9–10, and β2–4) have been cloned from mammalian neuronal tissue [1]. Of these, the α7 and α9 subunits can form homomeric receptors when expressed in heterologous express ...
Central pituitary adenylate cyclase- activating polypeptide (PACAP
... during the 20-30 min period in a trout receiving firstly an ICV injection of vehicle (Fig. 1A) followed 30 minutes later by an ICV injection of 50 pmol PACAP (Fig. 1B). Comparing the PACAP-injected trout with the vehicleinjected trout, PACAP did not produce any obvious change in the mean R-R interva ...
... during the 20-30 min period in a trout receiving firstly an ICV injection of vehicle (Fig. 1A) followed 30 minutes later by an ICV injection of 50 pmol PACAP (Fig. 1B). Comparing the PACAP-injected trout with the vehicleinjected trout, PACAP did not produce any obvious change in the mean R-R interva ...
Sònia Najas Sales Role of DYRK1A in the development of Syndrome
... To provide new insights into the role of DYRK1A in brain development and to determine the possible implications of DYRK1A trisomy in the cortical alterations associated with DS, I have analysed the gross morphology of the brain and the development of the cerebral cortex of a new mouse model, the mBA ...
... To provide new insights into the role of DYRK1A in brain development and to determine the possible implications of DYRK1A trisomy in the cortical alterations associated with DS, I have analysed the gross morphology of the brain and the development of the cerebral cortex of a new mouse model, the mBA ...
Generation of Theta and Gamma Rhythms in the Hippocampus
... following Schaffer collaterals stimulation (Fig. 6). Pairedpulses probe a system in a way that a single pulse could not. The second of a pair of pulses tests the excitability of the neurons at various delays (interpulse intervals, IPIs) after the first pulse perturbs the neural circuit. Paired-pulse ...
... following Schaffer collaterals stimulation (Fig. 6). Pairedpulses probe a system in a way that a single pulse could not. The second of a pair of pulses tests the excitability of the neurons at various delays (interpulse intervals, IPIs) after the first pulse perturbs the neural circuit. Paired-pulse ...
Nicotinic Receptors in Addiction Pathways
... by a rich dendritic arbor from striatal cholinergic interneurons (Zhou et al., 2002). Although cholinergic and dopamine neurons were once thought to have opposing actions, a complex interrelationship has now been revealed (Surmeier and Graybiel, 2012). In both dorsal and ventral striatum, presynapti ...
... by a rich dendritic arbor from striatal cholinergic interneurons (Zhou et al., 2002). Although cholinergic and dopamine neurons were once thought to have opposing actions, a complex interrelationship has now been revealed (Surmeier and Graybiel, 2012). In both dorsal and ventral striatum, presynapti ...
Systematic Regional Variations in the Loss of Cortical Cholinergic
... Representative series of sections from three normal and three AD cases were processed for ChAT immunohistochemistry using a wellcharacterized polyclonal antibody (generously provided by Dr. L. B. Hersh, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY) raised in the rabbit against human placenta] ChAT (German ...
... Representative series of sections from three normal and three AD cases were processed for ChAT immunohistochemistry using a wellcharacterized polyclonal antibody (generously provided by Dr. L. B. Hersh, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY) raised in the rabbit against human placenta] ChAT (German ...
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... ion flux rates and selectivity, although the major VDICs underlying neuronal excitability and electrical signaling are those selective for Na⫹, K⫹, and Ca2⫹. Neuronal VDICs also exhibit widely differing properties of how sensitive their gating, or the opening or closing of the channel pore, is to ch ...
... ion flux rates and selectivity, although the major VDICs underlying neuronal excitability and electrical signaling are those selective for Na⫹, K⫹, and Ca2⫹. Neuronal VDICs also exhibit widely differing properties of how sensitive their gating, or the opening or closing of the channel pore, is to ch ...
Characterization of peripheral osmoreceptors - diss.fu
... The cells of our body are surrounded by a fluid known as extracellular fluid (ECF). It contains substances such as sodium, chloride, potassium, urea, glucose and many others. The osmolality of the ECF is a measure of the concentration of each of these substances and is defined as the number of moles ...
... The cells of our body are surrounded by a fluid known as extracellular fluid (ECF). It contains substances such as sodium, chloride, potassium, urea, glucose and many others. The osmolality of the ECF is a measure of the concentration of each of these substances and is defined as the number of moles ...
Chemical Nature of Synaptic Transmission in Vertebrates
... and related compounds. In general, the parasympathetic system acts on its effector organs by muscarinic transmission, whereas nicotinic actions are seen characteristically at the skeletal neuromuscular junction and in autonomic ganglia; but ACh may act in both ways on the same cell, as in sympatheti ...
... and related compounds. In general, the parasympathetic system acts on its effector organs by muscarinic transmission, whereas nicotinic actions are seen characteristically at the skeletal neuromuscular junction and in autonomic ganglia; but ACh may act in both ways on the same cell, as in sympatheti ...
Effect of Tactile Inputs on Thalamic Responses to Noxious
... found that the dorsal column-medial lemniscus (DC-ML) system may also play an important role in nociceptive processing, in particular for visceral pain (Al-Chaer 1996a– c; Berkley et al. 1993; Rigamonti et al. 1978). A large number of neurons in the dorsal column nuclei (DCN) respond to both viscera ...
... found that the dorsal column-medial lemniscus (DC-ML) system may also play an important role in nociceptive processing, in particular for visceral pain (Al-Chaer 1996a– c; Berkley et al. 1993; Rigamonti et al. 1978). A large number of neurons in the dorsal column nuclei (DCN) respond to both viscera ...
Vesicular glutamate transporter 3
... neurons in the DRDSh by anterograde and retrograde labeling after chemical depletion of serotonergic neurons. The projection was observed in various brain regions such as the ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra pars compacta, hypothalamic nuclei, and preoptic area. These results suggest that VG ...
... neurons in the DRDSh by anterograde and retrograde labeling after chemical depletion of serotonergic neurons. The projection was observed in various brain regions such as the ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra pars compacta, hypothalamic nuclei, and preoptic area. These results suggest that VG ...
Document
... BIN1 antibodies (pAb BSH3, mAb 2F11, and mAb 99D) and markers of AD pathology. Figures A and B show the distribution and density of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the entorhinal cortex of a patient with AD [immunostained using antibodies against Aβ (mAb 4G8) and Tau (Tau-2)], in relat ...
... BIN1 antibodies (pAb BSH3, mAb 2F11, and mAb 99D) and markers of AD pathology. Figures A and B show the distribution and density of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the entorhinal cortex of a patient with AD [immunostained using antibodies against Aβ (mAb 4G8) and Tau (Tau-2)], in relat ...
Amygdala Modulation of Cerebellar Learning
... attention-like mechanism that facilitates cerebellar learning. In contrast to previous theories of amygdala– cerebellum interactions, the sensory gating hypothesis posits that the gating mechanism continues to be necessary for retrieval of cerebellar memory after learning is well established. ...
... attention-like mechanism that facilitates cerebellar learning. In contrast to previous theories of amygdala– cerebellum interactions, the sensory gating hypothesis posits that the gating mechanism continues to be necessary for retrieval of cerebellar memory after learning is well established. ...
the role of zinc in the pathogenesis and treatment of central nervous
... and also for Purkinje and granule cells. It was observed, that in the developing rat brain zinc accumulates in those cells, which should be eliminated for proper development (26). On the other hand, inadequate zinc status affects growth and maturation of neurons by disturbing zinc-dependent receptor ...
... and also for Purkinje and granule cells. It was observed, that in the developing rat brain zinc accumulates in those cells, which should be eliminated for proper development (26). On the other hand, inadequate zinc status affects growth and maturation of neurons by disturbing zinc-dependent receptor ...
The role of the subthalamic nucleus in response inhibition: Evidence
... Participants were nine right-handed PD patients undergoing surgery to implant DBS electrodes into the STN. Seven of the patients received bilateral electrodes, while the remaining two patients received electrodes implanted unilaterally into the left STN. Recordings were made in the peri-operative pe ...
... Participants were nine right-handed PD patients undergoing surgery to implant DBS electrodes into the STN. Seven of the patients received bilateral electrodes, while the remaining two patients received electrodes implanted unilaterally into the left STN. Recordings were made in the peri-operative pe ...
Glycemic State Regulates Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
... system (CNS) (43; 115) and particular peripheral tissues including muscles (128), adipose (197), and liver (38). As a result, both proteins are widely distributed throughout the nervous system(43; 217) while, at the cellular level, BDNF and its receptors, TrkB and p75, can be located in both the axo ...
... system (CNS) (43; 115) and particular peripheral tissues including muscles (128), adipose (197), and liver (38). As a result, both proteins are widely distributed throughout the nervous system(43; 217) while, at the cellular level, BDNF and its receptors, TrkB and p75, can be located in both the axo ...
thyroid hormones in brain development and
... synaptogenesis. The actions of thyroid hormones are mostly due to interaction of the active hormone T3 with nuclear receptors and regulation of gene expression. T4 and T3 also perform non-genomic actions. The genomically active T3 in brain derives in part from the circulation, and in part is formed ...
... synaptogenesis. The actions of thyroid hormones are mostly due to interaction of the active hormone T3 with nuclear receptors and regulation of gene expression. T4 and T3 also perform non-genomic actions. The genomically active T3 in brain derives in part from the circulation, and in part is formed ...
Endocrine Physiology Posterior pituitary hormones
... Both hormones are produced in hypothalamic nuclei: - Supraoptic nucleus (ADH + 1/6 oxytocin) - Paraventricular nucleus (Oxytocin + 1/6 ADH) ...
... Both hormones are produced in hypothalamic nuclei: - Supraoptic nucleus (ADH + 1/6 oxytocin) - Paraventricular nucleus (Oxytocin + 1/6 ADH) ...
IOSR Journal Of Environmental Science, Toxicology And Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT)
... brain showed histopathological changes suggesting necrosis/ apoptosis, and these changes are linked to the thyroid hormone levels [36]. The neurodegeneration observed in the present study was similar to histopathological changes observed in this experiment. Another study observed demyelinization, re ...
... brain showed histopathological changes suggesting necrosis/ apoptosis, and these changes are linked to the thyroid hormone levels [36]. The neurodegeneration observed in the present study was similar to histopathological changes observed in this experiment. Another study observed demyelinization, re ...
Haemodynamic response
In haemodynamics, the body must respond to physical activities, external temperature, and other factors by homeostatically adjusting its blood flow to deliver nutrients such as oxygen and glucose to stressed tissues and allow them to function. Haemodynamic response (HR) allows the rapid delivery of blood to active neuronal tissues. Since higher processes in the brain occur almost constantly, cerebral blood flow is essential for the maintenance of neurons, astrocytes, and other cells of the brain.