Neural Induction in Xenopus: Requirement for Ectodermal and
... neuroectoderm and Spemann organizer precursor cells. Both centers are downstream of the early b-Catenin signal. Molecular analyses demonstrated that the BCNE center was distinct from the Nieuwkoop center, and that the Nieuwkoop center expressed the secreted protein Cerberus (Cer). We found that expl ...
... neuroectoderm and Spemann organizer precursor cells. Both centers are downstream of the early b-Catenin signal. Molecular analyses demonstrated that the BCNE center was distinct from the Nieuwkoop center, and that the Nieuwkoop center expressed the secreted protein Cerberus (Cer). We found that expl ...
Impaired Cl Extrusion in Layer V Pyramidal Neurons of Chronically
... The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked “advertisement” in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. ...
... The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked “advertisement” in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. ...
Caffeine promotes glutamate and histamine release in the posterior
... several brain regions (7, 26). We reported that glutamate level increases in the PH in waking and REM sleep but is significantly reduced during non-REM sleep (20). This suggests that caffeine may increase the level of glutamate in the PH to promote waking. As early as 1918, based on the observation ...
... several brain regions (7, 26). We reported that glutamate level increases in the PH in waking and REM sleep but is significantly reduced during non-REM sleep (20). This suggests that caffeine may increase the level of glutamate in the PH to promote waking. As early as 1918, based on the observation ...
Glutamate Inhibits GABA Excitatory Activity in
... suggest that GABAergic activity develops early and that glutamate activity occurs soon after. This raises the question as to the possible interaction between the two primary transmitters of the brain during early development. If both GABA and glutamate are excitatory, what prevents the neurons in th ...
... suggest that GABAergic activity develops early and that glutamate activity occurs soon after. This raises the question as to the possible interaction between the two primary transmitters of the brain during early development. If both GABA and glutamate are excitatory, what prevents the neurons in th ...
Title Modulation of Conditioned Fear, Fear
... Evidence suggests that gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) signalling in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) is involved in pain, fear and fear-conditioned analgesia (FCA). In this study, we investigated the effects of intra-BLA administration of the GABA A receptor agonist, muscimol, on the expression of con ...
... Evidence suggests that gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) signalling in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) is involved in pain, fear and fear-conditioned analgesia (FCA). In this study, we investigated the effects of intra-BLA administration of the GABA A receptor agonist, muscimol, on the expression of con ...
Nap, a Novel Member of the Pentraxin Family, Promotes Neurite
... The mature CNS exhibits the capacity to alter cellular interactions as a function of the activity of specific neuronal circuits. This capacity is believed to underlie learning and memory as well as aspects of postnatal development of the brain (Shatz, 1990). Cellular mechanisms underlying activity-d ...
... The mature CNS exhibits the capacity to alter cellular interactions as a function of the activity of specific neuronal circuits. This capacity is believed to underlie learning and memory as well as aspects of postnatal development of the brain (Shatz, 1990). Cellular mechanisms underlying activity-d ...
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... 7. While some axons are short – only thousandths of an inch long – others can be up to __________ in length. a) one foot b) one meter Correct. Some axons can be long enough to reach from the brain to the very end of the spinal cord. c) six feet d) one mile Incorrect. Though there are some body parts ...
... 7. While some axons are short – only thousandths of an inch long – others can be up to __________ in length. a) one foot b) one meter Correct. Some axons can be long enough to reach from the brain to the very end of the spinal cord. c) six feet d) one mile Incorrect. Though there are some body parts ...
Emotional and Behavioral Correlates of Mediodorsal Thalamic
... The mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MD) is a prominent part of the thalamus of all mammals and is most highly developed in humans (Le Gros Clark, 1932a,b). It has been suggested that the MD is involved in various higher brain functions such as learning and memory processes as well as emotion. Patients ...
... The mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MD) is a prominent part of the thalamus of all mammals and is most highly developed in humans (Le Gros Clark, 1932a,b). It has been suggested that the MD is involved in various higher brain functions such as learning and memory processes as well as emotion. Patients ...
High baseline activity in inferior temporal cortex
... activity was considered noise. However, these human studies do not provide any direct information about the correlation of the baseline activity of single neurons and the behavior. Furthermore, it is not clear how the “oscillation” and the “level” of the neural baseline activity are related to each ...
... activity was considered noise. However, these human studies do not provide any direct information about the correlation of the baseline activity of single neurons and the behavior. Furthermore, it is not clear how the “oscillation” and the “level” of the neural baseline activity are related to each ...
J Comp Neurol 2000 Lavenex - University of California, Berkeley
... McEwen, 1992). These results suggest that hormonal changes might be responsible for the seasonal variations of sex differences in spatial learning by producing morphological changes in the hippocampal complex, a brain structure critically involved in spatial learning. A correlation between spatial l ...
... McEwen, 1992). These results suggest that hormonal changes might be responsible for the seasonal variations of sex differences in spatial learning by producing morphological changes in the hippocampal complex, a brain structure critically involved in spatial learning. A correlation between spatial l ...
Neuromechanical coupling in the regulation of muscle tone and joint
... those receptors could potentially increase the likelihood of a reflexive response (Nielsen et al., 1994). For instance, if muscle tone were higher, this would imply a higher gain to the muscle spindle, and therefore an increased sensitivity to stretch. While passive stiffness has been studied in spo ...
... those receptors could potentially increase the likelihood of a reflexive response (Nielsen et al., 1994). For instance, if muscle tone were higher, this would imply a higher gain to the muscle spindle, and therefore an increased sensitivity to stretch. While passive stiffness has been studied in spo ...
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... observed in conditions with dyskinesia, such as Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease (Perez-Navarro et al., 2006; Pisani et al., 2005). In addition to MSNs, discrete subtypes of striatal interneurons (SINs) can be identified on the basis of morphological characteristics, molecular and neurot ...
... observed in conditions with dyskinesia, such as Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease (Perez-Navarro et al., 2006; Pisani et al., 2005). In addition to MSNs, discrete subtypes of striatal interneurons (SINs) can be identified on the basis of morphological characteristics, molecular and neurot ...
How Acupuncture works - Chinese Acupuncture Associates on the
... Electro-AP can induce different-type opioid peptide release [47 ].. Han and his colleagues have found that lower frequency ( 2Hz ) AP analgesia is mediated by μ and δ receptors and high frequency ( 100 Hz ) AP analgesia is mediated by κOpioid receptor so that they concluded that low frequency(2 Hz ) ...
... Electro-AP can induce different-type opioid peptide release [47 ].. Han and his colleagues have found that lower frequency ( 2Hz ) AP analgesia is mediated by μ and δ receptors and high frequency ( 100 Hz ) AP analgesia is mediated by κOpioid receptor so that they concluded that low frequency(2 Hz ) ...
world-of-psychology-7th-edition-wood-test-bank
... 7. While some axons are short – only thousandths of an inch long – others can be up to __________ in length. a) one foot b) one meter Correct. Some axons can be long enough to reach from the brain to the very end of the spinal cord. c) six feet d) one mile Incorrect. Though there are some body parts ...
... 7. While some axons are short – only thousandths of an inch long – others can be up to __________ in length. a) one foot b) one meter Correct. Some axons can be long enough to reach from the brain to the very end of the spinal cord. c) six feet d) one mile Incorrect. Though there are some body parts ...
PARK9-Associated ATP13A2 Localizes to Intracellular
... not shown). Midbrain cultures were co-transfected at days-in-vitro (DIV) 3 with shRNA and GFP constructs at a molar ratio of 10:1 to label transfected neurons, and cultures were fixed at DIV 7 and immunostained with anti-TH antibody to identify dopaminergic neurons (Fig. 4C). The number of GFPlabele ...
... not shown). Midbrain cultures were co-transfected at days-in-vitro (DIV) 3 with shRNA and GFP constructs at a molar ratio of 10:1 to label transfected neurons, and cultures were fixed at DIV 7 and immunostained with anti-TH antibody to identify dopaminergic neurons (Fig. 4C). The number of GFPlabele ...
![[Frontiers in Bioscience 8, s438-451, May 1, 2003] 438 AROUSAL](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/005320946_1-6eb469e446a066f466aecf70147008ff-300x300.png)
[Frontiers in Bioscience 8, s438-451, May 1, 2003] 438 AROUSAL
... during rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), in association therein with muscle atonia. Dopaminergic ventral mesencephalic neurons stimulate a highly motivated and positively rewarding state during waking and may also do so during REMS. In contrast, noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons promote an arouse ...
... during rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), in association therein with muscle atonia. Dopaminergic ventral mesencephalic neurons stimulate a highly motivated and positively rewarding state during waking and may also do so during REMS. In contrast, noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons promote an arouse ...
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... c) regulating metabolic activity and serving as pain detectors d) monitoring neural transmission and releasing hormones in the brain ANS: a, pp. 43-44, C, LO=2.1, (3) % correct 59 a= 59 b= 4 c= 11 d= 22 r = .32 18. Two types of glial cells, called __________ and ___________, generate myelin. e) occi ...
... c) regulating metabolic activity and serving as pain detectors d) monitoring neural transmission and releasing hormones in the brain ANS: a, pp. 43-44, C, LO=2.1, (3) % correct 59 a= 59 b= 4 c= 11 d= 22 r = .32 18. Two types of glial cells, called __________ and ___________, generate myelin. e) occi ...
PDE5 Exists in Human Neurons and is a Viable Therapeutic Target
... hydrolyzes cGMP, an important intracellular messenger that activates protein kinase G (PKG), which then activates a wide-range of intracellular signals [1]. In addition, cGMP activates cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels, which play an important role in neuronal physiology [2]. Since PDE5 hydrolyze ...
... hydrolyzes cGMP, an important intracellular messenger that activates protein kinase G (PKG), which then activates a wide-range of intracellular signals [1]. In addition, cGMP activates cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels, which play an important role in neuronal physiology [2]. Since PDE5 hydrolyze ...
Autometallographic Tracing of Bismuth in Human Brain Autopsies
... entry into the CNS that circumvents the blood-brain barrier. However, bismuth uptake via vessels is undoubtedly the most important path by which bismuth enters the CNS (13). Just a few weeks after placing bismuth gunshot pellets intraperitoneally, bismuth can be found in the brain and spinal cord (4 ...
... entry into the CNS that circumvents the blood-brain barrier. However, bismuth uptake via vessels is undoubtedly the most important path by which bismuth enters the CNS (13). Just a few weeks after placing bismuth gunshot pellets intraperitoneally, bismuth can be found in the brain and spinal cord (4 ...
Chapter 12 PowerPoint Slided PDF - CM
... Possible pathway for information transferred by conduction of an action potential from one region of brain to another (Figure 12.8): 1. Action potential originates in gray matter 2. Action potential is sent to another area of gray matter by ...
... Possible pathway for information transferred by conduction of an action potential from one region of brain to another (Figure 12.8): 1. Action potential originates in gray matter 2. Action potential is sent to another area of gray matter by ...
Expression of the Emx-1 and Dlx-1 homeobox genes define three
... hindbrain of higher vertebrates. Structures like the optic tectum or the cerebellum that have phylogenetically conserved position, cytoarchitecture, connections, function and neurochemistry are considered as homologous in different species. In contrast, the organization of the forebrain is more dive ...
... hindbrain of higher vertebrates. Structures like the optic tectum or the cerebellum that have phylogenetically conserved position, cytoarchitecture, connections, function and neurochemistry are considered as homologous in different species. In contrast, the organization of the forebrain is more dive ...
Warm pleasant feelings in the brain
... Indeed, warm and cold stimuli may be important prototypical primary, that is unlearned, reinforcers, and investigation of the neural mechanisms that are related to these stimuli and the feelings they arouse may provide a direct approach to understanding the brain mechanisms of emotion and indeed of ...
... Indeed, warm and cold stimuli may be important prototypical primary, that is unlearned, reinforcers, and investigation of the neural mechanisms that are related to these stimuli and the feelings they arouse may provide a direct approach to understanding the brain mechanisms of emotion and indeed of ...
CEREBRAL ACTIVATION DURING THERMAL
... Brain-imaging studies rely on the ability of techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), to detect “activity” within the central nervous system. This activity is presumably related to glucose metabolism (PET) and blood perfusion changes (f ...
... Brain-imaging studies rely on the ability of techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), to detect “activity” within the central nervous system. This activity is presumably related to glucose metabolism (PET) and blood perfusion changes (f ...
Haemodynamic response
In haemodynamics, the body must respond to physical activities, external temperature, and other factors by homeostatically adjusting its blood flow to deliver nutrients such as oxygen and glucose to stressed tissues and allow them to function. Haemodynamic response (HR) allows the rapid delivery of blood to active neuronal tissues. Since higher processes in the brain occur almost constantly, cerebral blood flow is essential for the maintenance of neurons, astrocytes, and other cells of the brain.