Ectopic Expression of the Neuropeptide Pigment
... expressed in all neurons shortly after their differentiation starts and continues to be expressed (Robinow and White, 1988). It encodes a neural-specific RNA binding protein that is critically involved in neuronal development as well as neuronal maintenance (Yao et al., 1992). Therefore, the ELAV pr ...
... expressed in all neurons shortly after their differentiation starts and continues to be expressed (Robinow and White, 1988). It encodes a neural-specific RNA binding protein that is critically involved in neuronal development as well as neuronal maintenance (Yao et al., 1992). Therefore, the ELAV pr ...
Expected Value, Reward Outcome, and
... unsignalled change in EV every 30 trials (see example in Fig. 2a and Results), and neuroimaging analysis was performed for the last 20 trials of each set when the EV had been learned, and the choices made (i.e., the expected utility) stably reflected the EV. The 3 sets of 30 trials were run in a diff ...
... unsignalled change in EV every 30 trials (see example in Fig. 2a and Results), and neuroimaging analysis was performed for the last 20 trials of each set when the EV had been learned, and the choices made (i.e., the expected utility) stably reflected the EV. The 3 sets of 30 trials were run in a diff ...
NUCLEI-SPECIFIC RESPONSE TO PAIN IN THE BED NUCLEUS OF THE By
... unpleasant sensory and emotional experience resulting from actual or potential tissue damage. Pain is by far the most common reason to seek medical attention. It is estimated that 80% of doctor visits are for pain-related symptoms. Of this population, one study estimated that 1.5% of patients are af ...
... unpleasant sensory and emotional experience resulting from actual or potential tissue damage. Pain is by far the most common reason to seek medical attention. It is estimated that 80% of doctor visits are for pain-related symptoms. Of this population, one study estimated that 1.5% of patients are af ...
hypothalamus, pit..
... 4 g of the total 1,400 g of adult brain weight, but it is the only 4 g of brain without which life itself is impossible. The hypothalamus is so critical for life because it contains the integrative circuitry that coordinates autonomic, endocrine, and behavioral responses that are necessary for basic ...
... 4 g of the total 1,400 g of adult brain weight, but it is the only 4 g of brain without which life itself is impossible. The hypothalamus is so critical for life because it contains the integrative circuitry that coordinates autonomic, endocrine, and behavioral responses that are necessary for basic ...
Alzheimer-like neurodegeneration in aged antinerve growth factor
... levels of transgenic anti-NGF antibodies are three orders of magnitude higher in adult than in newborn mice, effective inhibition of NGF actions occurs in adult animals only (17). Indeed, the level of free NGF in the brain of 2-month-old anti-NGF transgenic mice is 53% less than that measured in con ...
... levels of transgenic anti-NGF antibodies are three orders of magnitude higher in adult than in newborn mice, effective inhibition of NGF actions occurs in adult animals only (17). Indeed, the level of free NGF in the brain of 2-month-old anti-NGF transgenic mice is 53% less than that measured in con ...
Central Control of the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems and
... breathing in amphibians, reptiles, and diving birds. Concluding comments suggest areas for further productive research. ...
... breathing in amphibians, reptiles, and diving birds. Concluding comments suggest areas for further productive research. ...
Leptin: A metabolic signal affecting central regulation of
... Intracerebroventricular administration of leptin failed to stimulated LH secretion in the intact prepubertal gilt [19], but did suppress feed intake [25]. However, leptin administration occurred during the period of heighten negative feedback action of estradiol on LH secretion [2], thereby blocking ...
... Intracerebroventricular administration of leptin failed to stimulated LH secretion in the intact prepubertal gilt [19], but did suppress feed intake [25]. However, leptin administration occurred during the period of heighten negative feedback action of estradiol on LH secretion [2], thereby blocking ...
Aerobic Glycolysis in the Frontal Cortex Correlates with Memory
... associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remains poorly understood. Here we examined the relationship between cerebral lactate levels and memory performance in an APP/PS1 mouse model of AD, which progressively accumulates amyloid-. In vivo 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed an age-dependen ...
... associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remains poorly understood. Here we examined the relationship between cerebral lactate levels and memory performance in an APP/PS1 mouse model of AD, which progressively accumulates amyloid-. In vivo 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed an age-dependen ...
Hindbrain noradrenergic A2 neurons: diverse roles in autonomic
... Fos, together with immunolabeling for TH or DbH. Increased Fos immunolabeling alone cannot reveal the circuits through which A2 neurons are recruited by a given stimulus or event, but A2 neurons are consistently activated by treatments or situations that present actual or anticipated threats to bodi ...
... Fos, together with immunolabeling for TH or DbH. Increased Fos immunolabeling alone cannot reveal the circuits through which A2 neurons are recruited by a given stimulus or event, but A2 neurons are consistently activated by treatments or situations that present actual or anticipated threats to bodi ...
Dopamine Deficiency in a Genetic Mouse Model of Lesch
... studies revealed significant reductions in the binding of 3H-fV-[ l -(2-benzo(8)thiophenyl)cyclohexyllpiperidine (3H-BTCP) to dopamine uptake sites in the forebrain of the mutants. In contrast to these abnormalities of the dopamine systems in the mutant mice, other neurotransmitter systems appeared ...
... studies revealed significant reductions in the binding of 3H-fV-[ l -(2-benzo(8)thiophenyl)cyclohexyllpiperidine (3H-BTCP) to dopamine uptake sites in the forebrain of the mutants. In contrast to these abnormalities of the dopamine systems in the mutant mice, other neurotransmitter systems appeared ...
Peripheral Neuropathy In Hypertension
... strongly associated with diabetic neuropathy and the observed sensory loss may be aggravated by hypertension-induced nerve ischaemia and hypoxia. Two studies are presented in this thesis. First, 20 hypertensives and 25 normotensives had vibration, cooling, warming and heat-pain thresholds measured u ...
... strongly associated with diabetic neuropathy and the observed sensory loss may be aggravated by hypertension-induced nerve ischaemia and hypoxia. Two studies are presented in this thesis. First, 20 hypertensives and 25 normotensives had vibration, cooling, warming and heat-pain thresholds measured u ...
Alexander et al., 2009
... lines, or through the administration of a second virus-driving expression of Cre-recombinase. This Cre-recombination virus is often another AAV, which is also injected at the soma level. Sometimes, however, projection-specific manipulations have been achieved by injection of HSV or canine adeno viru ...
... lines, or through the administration of a second virus-driving expression of Cre-recombinase. This Cre-recombination virus is often another AAV, which is also injected at the soma level. Sometimes, however, projection-specific manipulations have been achieved by injection of HSV or canine adeno viru ...
Activation of the hypothalamic feeding centre upon visual
... by internal signals such as blood sugar levels, but also by the recognition of the availability of food sources in the environment. For example, neuronal activity has been observed in the hypothalamic feeding centre during appetitive and consummatory behaviours in rodents6 and at the sight of famili ...
... by internal signals such as blood sugar levels, but also by the recognition of the availability of food sources in the environment. For example, neuronal activity has been observed in the hypothalamic feeding centre during appetitive and consummatory behaviours in rodents6 and at the sight of famili ...
Temperature Integration at the AC Thermosensory Neurons
... the experiments in each category. The number of circles represents the number of assays. Error bars are the SEM. The line graph temperature controller equipped with an SC-20 shows a representative experiment, comparing the fluorescence changes (⌬F/F ) (blue line) and the temperature change (gray dua ...
... the experiments in each category. The number of circles represents the number of assays. Error bars are the SEM. The line graph temperature controller equipped with an SC-20 shows a representative experiment, comparing the fluorescence changes (⌬F/F ) (blue line) and the temperature change (gray dua ...
Central Control of the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems
... et al. (487), who suggest that lungfish, which also have a buccal force pump, have a postinspiratory phase. The mechanisms underlying respiratory rhythmogenesis in mammals are only now being resolved (67, 529, 585), and even less is known about respiratory rhythmogenesis in nonmammalian species. Rec ...
... et al. (487), who suggest that lungfish, which also have a buccal force pump, have a postinspiratory phase. The mechanisms underlying respiratory rhythmogenesis in mammals are only now being resolved (67, 529, 585), and even less is known about respiratory rhythmogenesis in nonmammalian species. Rec ...
Measurement of Corpus Callosum in Sudanese Population Using MRI
... right side of the brain. Left-handed individuals may need special testing to determine if their speech center is on the left or right side prior to any surgery in that area. Aphasia is a disturbance of language affecting production, comprehension, reading or writing, due to brain injury – most commo ...
... right side of the brain. Left-handed individuals may need special testing to determine if their speech center is on the left or right side prior to any surgery in that area. Aphasia is a disturbance of language affecting production, comprehension, reading or writing, due to brain injury – most commo ...
Rapid Taste Responses in the Gustatory Cortex during Licking
... returned to baseline in tens of milliseconds. Tastant-responsive neurons were broadly tuned and responded to increasing tastant concentrations by either increasing or decreasing their firing rates. In addition, some responses were only evoked at intermediate tastant concentrations. In summary, these ...
... returned to baseline in tens of milliseconds. Tastant-responsive neurons were broadly tuned and responded to increasing tastant concentrations by either increasing or decreasing their firing rates. In addition, some responses were only evoked at intermediate tastant concentrations. In summary, these ...
Rapid Taste Responses in the Gustatory Cortex
... returned to baseline in tens of milliseconds. Tastant-responsive neurons were broadly tuned and responded to increasing tastant concentrations by either increasing or decreasing their firing rates. In addition, some responses were only evoked at intermediate tastant concentrations. In summary, these ...
... returned to baseline in tens of milliseconds. Tastant-responsive neurons were broadly tuned and responded to increasing tastant concentrations by either increasing or decreasing their firing rates. In addition, some responses were only evoked at intermediate tastant concentrations. In summary, these ...
C H A P T E R 7 6
... followed within another few minutes or hours by RNA translation on the cytoplasmic ribosomes to form hundreds of new intracellular proteins. However, not all the proteins are increased by similar percentages—some only slightly, and others at least as much as sixfold. It is believed that most, if not ...
... followed within another few minutes or hours by RNA translation on the cytoplasmic ribosomes to form hundreds of new intracellular proteins. However, not all the proteins are increased by similar percentages—some only slightly, and others at least as much as sixfold. It is believed that most, if not ...
Beyond dreams: do sleep-related movements
... disconnected from the brainstem. In 1966, Roffwarg and colleagues introduced the ontogenetic hypothesis, which addressed the preponderance of active sleep in early infancy. This hypothesis posited that the brainstem mechanisms that produce active sleep provide direct ascending stimulation to the for ...
... disconnected from the brainstem. In 1966, Roffwarg and colleagues introduced the ontogenetic hypothesis, which addressed the preponderance of active sleep in early infancy. This hypothesis posited that the brainstem mechanisms that produce active sleep provide direct ascending stimulation to the for ...
Pre-synaptic Terminal Dynamics in the Hippocampus
... (1.1.1.). In the following subsections (1.1.1.1 to 1.1.2.2.) I will attempt to describe at which levels synaptic plastic phenomena could occur: namely at the biochemical (e.g. changes in ion channel currents), molecular (e.g. modifications in key synaptic proteins) and morphological level (e.g. chan ...
... (1.1.1.). In the following subsections (1.1.1.1 to 1.1.2.2.) I will attempt to describe at which levels synaptic plastic phenomena could occur: namely at the biochemical (e.g. changes in ion channel currents), molecular (e.g. modifications in key synaptic proteins) and morphological level (e.g. chan ...
Seminar Chronic disorders of consciousness
... system, but mainly relies on a functioning thalamus, cerebral cortex, and their white matter connections.6 Disorders of consciousness result from interference with either or both of these systems. Critical damage to the reticular system produces coma, a pathological state of eyes-closed unresponsive ...
... system, but mainly relies on a functioning thalamus, cerebral cortex, and their white matter connections.6 Disorders of consciousness result from interference with either or both of these systems. Critical damage to the reticular system produces coma, a pathological state of eyes-closed unresponsive ...
Shamanism in Cross-Cultural Perspective
... The selection for the role of the shaman was generally open to all, but largely found among descendants of shamans who received their powers from the spirit allies of their ancestors. Shamans were most typically men, but, in most cultures, women could also practice shamanism in pre- and post-reprodu ...
... The selection for the role of the shaman was generally open to all, but largely found among descendants of shamans who received their powers from the spirit allies of their ancestors. Shamans were most typically men, but, in most cultures, women could also practice shamanism in pre- and post-reprodu ...
Spinal Kyphosis Causes Demyelination and Neuronal Loss in the
... irregularity of the spared myelin sheath.” “It is known that the spinal cord vascular system of birds resembles that of humans.” [Important] In the kyphotic group, “the small blood vessels in the compressed spinal cord showed a marked reduction in the network size, a decrease in number, interruption ...
... irregularity of the spared myelin sheath.” “It is known that the spinal cord vascular system of birds resembles that of humans.” [Important] In the kyphotic group, “the small blood vessels in the compressed spinal cord showed a marked reduction in the network size, a decrease in number, interruption ...
Haemodynamic response
In haemodynamics, the body must respond to physical activities, external temperature, and other factors by homeostatically adjusting its blood flow to deliver nutrients such as oxygen and glucose to stressed tissues and allow them to function. Haemodynamic response (HR) allows the rapid delivery of blood to active neuronal tissues. Since higher processes in the brain occur almost constantly, cerebral blood flow is essential for the maintenance of neurons, astrocytes, and other cells of the brain.