Eye fields in the frontal lobes of primates
... also been used to organize data from functional imaging experiments carried out on humans w204x. In this nomenclature, F2 corresponds with the premotor area, F3 with the supplementary motor area, F6 with the pre-supplementary motor area, and F7 with the supplementary eye fields. The subdivisions, F2 ...
... also been used to organize data from functional imaging experiments carried out on humans w204x. In this nomenclature, F2 corresponds with the premotor area, F3 with the supplementary motor area, F6 with the pre-supplementary motor area, and F7 with the supplementary eye fields. The subdivisions, F2 ...
The multisensory roles for auditory cortex in primate vocal
... behavior is also somewhat of a mystery. That they must be involved in multiple auditory-related behaviors is a given. The fundamental question is thus: how do these multiple auditory areas mediate specific behaviors through their interactions with each other and with other sensory and motor systems? ...
... behavior is also somewhat of a mystery. That they must be involved in multiple auditory-related behaviors is a given. The fundamental question is thus: how do these multiple auditory areas mediate specific behaviors through their interactions with each other and with other sensory and motor systems? ...
`What` Is Happening in the Dorsal Visual Pathway
... the posterior dorsal pathway [i.e., IPS1 (intraparietal sulcus 1) and IPS2, Figure 1] appear to be relatively insensitive to various image transformations, even in a passive fixation task in which no action is required (e.g., size, retinal position, and viewpoint) [24]. This is especially surprising ...
... the posterior dorsal pathway [i.e., IPS1 (intraparietal sulcus 1) and IPS2, Figure 1] appear to be relatively insensitive to various image transformations, even in a passive fixation task in which no action is required (e.g., size, retinal position, and viewpoint) [24]. This is especially surprising ...
Point-Light Biological Motion Perception Activates Human Premotor
... can readily be identified as depicting actions, although they do not define a form when stationary (Johansson, 1973). These animations convey surprisingly detailed information about movements of the human body, despite using motion signals almost exclusively and lacking other visual cues such as col ...
... can readily be identified as depicting actions, although they do not define a form when stationary (Johansson, 1973). These animations convey surprisingly detailed information about movements of the human body, despite using motion signals almost exclusively and lacking other visual cues such as col ...
The Big Picture File
... • A thin, lacy, spider-like transparent membrane, composed of fibrous tissue • Provides a cushioning effect for the central nervous system. • Many blood vessels pass through it to the brain • The arachnoid does not follow the convolutions of the surface of the brain and so looks like a loosely fitti ...
... • A thin, lacy, spider-like transparent membrane, composed of fibrous tissue • Provides a cushioning effect for the central nervous system. • Many blood vessels pass through it to the brain • The arachnoid does not follow the convolutions of the surface of the brain and so looks like a loosely fitti ...
Hubel 1977_Small
... the cortex. Thus it is not unfair to say that it is basically a one-synapse station. The axons that form the output of the geniculates pass back in the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres to the striate cortex. The striate cortex is clearly more complicated, with at least 3 or 4 synapses interp ...
... the cortex. Thus it is not unfair to say that it is basically a one-synapse station. The axons that form the output of the geniculates pass back in the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres to the striate cortex. The striate cortex is clearly more complicated, with at least 3 or 4 synapses interp ...
Intrinsic laminar lattice connections in primate visual cortex
... HRP injections were made in the lateral convexity of striate cortex. Generally two injections (each estimated as 500-750 pn in diameter) were placed close together, sometimes merging into one large injection site (for instance, SM4 in Figure 1C-G, where the injection is estimated as 1.2 pm across). ...
... HRP injections were made in the lateral convexity of striate cortex. Generally two injections (each estimated as 500-750 pn in diameter) were placed close together, sometimes merging into one large injection site (for instance, SM4 in Figure 1C-G, where the injection is estimated as 1.2 pm across). ...
The cortical column: a structure without a function
... how multiple column systems in the primary visual cortex might be organized. Although the prominent cell bands seen in Nissl sections do not represent individual orientation columns, they provide persuasive evidence that the adult cortex is composed of discrete, elementary units generated during dev ...
... how multiple column systems in the primary visual cortex might be organized. Although the prominent cell bands seen in Nissl sections do not represent individual orientation columns, they provide persuasive evidence that the adult cortex is composed of discrete, elementary units generated during dev ...
Comparing functional connectivity via thresholding correlations and
... components, and negative auto-correlations tend to join regions with different principal component values. The main feature present in these patterns of connectivity is a strong right–left connection between regions close to the auditory cortex, and between left and right occipital regions. An expla ...
... components, and negative auto-correlations tend to join regions with different principal component values. The main feature present in these patterns of connectivity is a strong right–left connection between regions close to the auditory cortex, and between left and right occipital regions. An expla ...
MAY 5, 2000 Submitted to the Annual Review of Neuroscience AN
... activity along the pathway leading you to look right (e.g., C1->…->R2). Note that activation of this PFC representation is necessary for you to perform the correct behavior. That is, you had to keep "in mind" the knowledge that you were in England. You might even be able to cross a few streets corre ...
... activity along the pathway leading you to look right (e.g., C1->…->R2). Note that activation of this PFC representation is necessary for you to perform the correct behavior. That is, you had to keep "in mind" the knowledge that you were in England. You might even be able to cross a few streets corre ...
download file
... unclear partly because important sensory and cognitive parameters differ among these tasks. In this report, we demonstrate that differential sensory experience directs differential plasticity using a single paradigm that eliminates the task-specific variables that have confounded direct comparison o ...
... unclear partly because important sensory and cognitive parameters differ among these tasks. In this report, we demonstrate that differential sensory experience directs differential plasticity using a single paradigm that eliminates the task-specific variables that have confounded direct comparison o ...
Action Preparation Shapes Processing in Early Visual Cortex
... GLM analysis was used to extract activation patterns from the grasping/ pointing task, which were subjected to a surface-based searchlight MVPA analysis to find areas in the posterior brain that discriminate between grasping and pointing ( preparation). Subsequently, a region-of-interest (ROI) analy ...
... GLM analysis was used to extract activation patterns from the grasping/ pointing task, which were subjected to a surface-based searchlight MVPA analysis to find areas in the posterior brain that discriminate between grasping and pointing ( preparation). Subsequently, a region-of-interest (ROI) analy ...
8brain - lgh
... Hindbrain: connects spinal cord to rest of brain. Metencephalon: Pons: Connects other parts. several nuclei associated with cranial nerves respiratory centers. ...
... Hindbrain: connects spinal cord to rest of brain. Metencephalon: Pons: Connects other parts. several nuclei associated with cranial nerves respiratory centers. ...
pdf
... Background: Tinnitus is an auditory sensation characterized by the perception of sound or noise in the absence of any external sound source. Based on neurobiological research, it is generally accepted that most forms of tinnitus are attributable to maladaptive plasticity due to damage to auditory sy ...
... Background: Tinnitus is an auditory sensation characterized by the perception of sound or noise in the absence of any external sound source. Based on neurobiological research, it is generally accepted that most forms of tinnitus are attributable to maladaptive plasticity due to damage to auditory sy ...
Basal Ganglia objectives - NBio401
... movements, there are other loops between the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex that perform analogous functions for oculomotor, executive, and emotional systems. - Be able to describe the type of learning in which the basal ganglia are involved. ...
... movements, there are other loops between the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex that perform analogous functions for oculomotor, executive, and emotional systems. - Be able to describe the type of learning in which the basal ganglia are involved. ...
The Auditory System
... hair cells are innervated by the peripheral processes of bipolar ganglion cells in the spiral ganglion. Their central processes form the cochlear division of the vestibulocochlear nerve and terminate in the cochlear nuclei. The principal auditory pathway passes from the cochlea, via the cochlear nuc ...
... hair cells are innervated by the peripheral processes of bipolar ganglion cells in the spiral ganglion. Their central processes form the cochlear division of the vestibulocochlear nerve and terminate in the cochlear nuclei. The principal auditory pathway passes from the cochlea, via the cochlear nuc ...
13-01_pptlect
... • Cerebral cortex • Cerebral white matter • Deep gray matter of the cerebrum (basal ganglia) ...
... • Cerebral cortex • Cerebral white matter • Deep gray matter of the cerebrum (basal ganglia) ...
Diverse functions of perineuronal nets
... degrades PNs and therefore reduces inhibitory CS proteoglycans features, was used in different experimental models (Crespo et al. 2007, Kwok et al. 2008). Studies by Pizzorusso and colleagues (2002) demonstrate that treating the mature rat visual cortex with ChABC restores ocular dominance plasticit ...
... degrades PNs and therefore reduces inhibitory CS proteoglycans features, was used in different experimental models (Crespo et al. 2007, Kwok et al. 2008). Studies by Pizzorusso and colleagues (2002) demonstrate that treating the mature rat visual cortex with ChABC restores ocular dominance plasticit ...
In VivoCalcium Imaging Reveals Functional Rewiring of Single
... Functional mapping and microstimulation studies suggest that recovery after stroke damage can be attributed to surviving brain regions taking on the functional roles of lost tissues. Although this model is well supported by data, it is not clear how activity in single neurons is altered in relation ...
... Functional mapping and microstimulation studies suggest that recovery after stroke damage can be attributed to surviving brain regions taking on the functional roles of lost tissues. Although this model is well supported by data, it is not clear how activity in single neurons is altered in relation ...
PDF
... medial area (MA), the anterior-lateral area (ALA), the lateral area (LA) and the posterior area (PA) [5,6]. The non-primary areas are partly frequency-selective, but without a clearcut tonotopic organisation [17]. They tend to respond to more complex auditory stimuli, which characterise them as puta ...
... medial area (MA), the anterior-lateral area (ALA), the lateral area (LA) and the posterior area (PA) [5,6]. The non-primary areas are partly frequency-selective, but without a clearcut tonotopic organisation [17]. They tend to respond to more complex auditory stimuli, which characterise them as puta ...
Human brain
The human brain is the main organ of the human nervous system. It is located in the head, protected by the skull. It has the same general structure as the brains of other mammals, but with a more developed cerebral cortex. Large animals such as whales and elephants have larger brains in absolute terms, but when measured using a measure of relative brain size, which compensates for body size, the quotient for the human brain is almost twice as large as that of a bottlenose dolphin, and three times as large as that of a chimpanzee. Much of the size of the human brain comes from the cerebral cortex, especially the frontal lobes, which are associated with executive functions such as self-control, planning, reasoning, and abstract thought. The area of the cerebral cortex devoted to vision, the visual cortex, is also greatly enlarged in humans compared to other animals.The human cerebral cortex is a thick layer of neural tissue that covers most of the brain. This layer is folded in a way that increases the amount of surface that can fit into the volume available. The pattern of folds is similar across individuals, although there are many small variations. The cortex is divided into four lobes – the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe. (Some classification systems also include a limbic lobe and treat the insular cortex as a lobe.) Within each lobe are numerous cortical areas, each associated with a particular function, including vision, motor control, and language. The left and right sides of the cortex are broadly similar in shape, and most cortical areas are replicated on both sides. Some areas, though, show strong lateralization, particularly areas that are involved in language. In most people, the left hemisphere is dominant for language, with the right hemisphere playing only a minor role. There are other functions, such as visual-spatial ability, for which the right hemisphere is usually dominant.Despite being protected by the thick bones of the skull, suspended in cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier, the human brain is susceptible to damage and disease. The most common forms of physical damage are closed head injuries such as a blow to the head, a stroke, or poisoning by a variety of chemicals which can act as neurotoxins, such as ethanol alcohol. Infection of the brain, though serious, is rare because of the biological barriers which protect it. The human brain is also susceptible to degenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease, (mostly as the result of aging) and multiple sclerosis. A number of psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia and clinical depression, are thought to be associated with brain dysfunctions, although the nature of these is not well understood. The brain can also be the site of brain tumors and these can be benign or malignant.There are some techniques for studying the brain that are used in other animals that are just not suitable for use in humans and vice versa. It is easier to obtain individual brain cells taken from other animals, for study. It is also possible to use invasive techniques in other animals such as inserting electrodes into the brain or disabling certains parts of the brain in order to examine the effects on behaviour – techniques that are not possible to be used in humans. However, only humans can respond to complex verbal instructions or be of use in the study of important brain functions such as language and other complex cognitive tasks, but studies from humans and from other animals, can be of mutual help. Medical imaging technologies such as functional neuroimaging and EEG recordings are important techniques in studying the brain. The complete functional understanding of the human brain is an ongoing challenge for neuroscience.