Multisensory Integration of Dynamic Faces and Voices
... wire with impedances between 1 and 3 M⍀ (measured at 1 kHz). The stainless-steel chamber was used as the reference. Signals were amplified, filtered (1–5000 Hz), and acquired at a 20.2 kHz sampling rate. Electrodes were lowered until multiunit cortical responses could be driven by auditory stimuli. ...
... wire with impedances between 1 and 3 M⍀ (measured at 1 kHz). The stainless-steel chamber was used as the reference. Signals were amplified, filtered (1–5000 Hz), and acquired at a 20.2 kHz sampling rate. Electrodes were lowered until multiunit cortical responses could be driven by auditory stimuli. ...
full text - TReAD Lab
... Author Manuscript Behav Brain Res. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2012 November 20. ...
... Author Manuscript Behav Brain Res. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2012 November 20. ...
The projection of the lateral geniculate nucleus to area 17 of the rat
... using a Grass LM-4 lesion maker. The electrode approach was made through a 4 mm hole in the skull over the contralateral hemisphere, at an anterior-posterior level corresponding to that of the LGN. The electrode angle was 55~ from the vertical. The electrode track passed through the corpus callosum ...
... using a Grass LM-4 lesion maker. The electrode approach was made through a 4 mm hole in the skull over the contralateral hemisphere, at an anterior-posterior level corresponding to that of the LGN. The electrode angle was 55~ from the vertical. The electrode track passed through the corpus callosum ...
Physiological Patterns in the Hippocampo
... difficulty in the entorhinal cortex is the lack of objective and reliable criteria for cell classification and unit separation methods, as well as the more complex cortical connectivity compared to the “simple” hippocampal regions. These methodological difficulties need to be worked out before any m ...
... difficulty in the entorhinal cortex is the lack of objective and reliable criteria for cell classification and unit separation methods, as well as the more complex cortical connectivity compared to the “simple” hippocampal regions. These methodological difficulties need to be worked out before any m ...
Physiological patterns in the hippocampo
... difficulty in the entorhinal cortex is the lack of objective and reliable criteria for cell classification and unit separation methods, as well as the more complex cortical connectivity compared to the “simple” hippocampal regions. These methodological difficulties need to be worked out before any m ...
... difficulty in the entorhinal cortex is the lack of objective and reliable criteria for cell classification and unit separation methods, as well as the more complex cortical connectivity compared to the “simple” hippocampal regions. These methodological difficulties need to be worked out before any m ...
Sprecher_2011_larval.. - Institute of Neuroinformatics
... one domain innervated by PRs and one devoid of PR axons. The topology of PR projections, in particular the relationship between Rh5 and Rh6 afferents, is maintained from the nerve entering the brain to the axon terminals. The target neurons can be subdivided according to neurotransmitter or neuropep ...
... one domain innervated by PRs and one devoid of PR axons. The topology of PR projections, in particular the relationship between Rh5 and Rh6 afferents, is maintained from the nerve entering the brain to the axon terminals. The target neurons can be subdivided according to neurotransmitter or neuropep ...
Age-dependent effect of cholinergic lesion on dendritic morphology
... rats [52]. Finally, lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) attenuate benzodiazepine-induced potentiation of acetylcholine release in frontoparietal cortex in aged but not young adult rats [51]. These differential responses of aging individuals to injury or lesion suggest that plasticit ...
... rats [52]. Finally, lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) attenuate benzodiazepine-induced potentiation of acetylcholine release in frontoparietal cortex in aged but not young adult rats [51]. These differential responses of aging individuals to injury or lesion suggest that plasticit ...
Differential effects of 10-Hz and 40
... Downloaded by [University North Carolina - Chapel Hill], [Flavio Frohlich] at 10:58 24 June 2016 ...
... Downloaded by [University North Carolina - Chapel Hill], [Flavio Frohlich] at 10:58 24 June 2016 ...
Role of the basal ganglia in conditional associative learning
... The arbitrary mapping of sensory information onto action forms an important element of the intelligent behavior of primates (also called conditional associative learning). The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loops are thought to play a key role in such behavior. The present research was under ...
... The arbitrary mapping of sensory information onto action forms an important element of the intelligent behavior of primates (also called conditional associative learning). The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loops are thought to play a key role in such behavior. The present research was under ...
Subgraphs of functional brain networks identify dynamical
... Brain anatomy and physiology support the human ability to navigate a complex space of perceptions and actions. To maneuver across an ever-changing landscape of mental states, the brain invokes cognitive control – a set of dynamic processes that engage and disengage different sets of brain regions to ...
... Brain anatomy and physiology support the human ability to navigate a complex space of perceptions and actions. To maneuver across an ever-changing landscape of mental states, the brain invokes cognitive control – a set of dynamic processes that engage and disengage different sets of brain regions to ...
Relationship of Prefrontal Connections to Inhibitory Systems in Superior Temporal
... evidence in both human and non-human primates that all prefrontal cortices have a role in inhibitory control, albeit within the domain of their specialization (for reviews see Shimamura, 1995; Roberts and Wallis, 2000). The phenomenon of inhibitory control is exemplified at the functional level in th ...
... evidence in both human and non-human primates that all prefrontal cortices have a role in inhibitory control, albeit within the domain of their specialization (for reviews see Shimamura, 1995; Roberts and Wallis, 2000). The phenomenon of inhibitory control is exemplified at the functional level in th ...
Isn`t it ironic? Neural Correlates of Irony Comprehension in
... the brain regions associated with comprehension of prosody, such as the right superior temporal cortex [41,42]. Further, this would mirror fMRI findings in autism, where prosody interacts with fMRI correlates during irony comprehension [43]. Nevertheless, the importance of prosody for irony comprehe ...
... the brain regions associated with comprehension of prosody, such as the right superior temporal cortex [41,42]. Further, this would mirror fMRI findings in autism, where prosody interacts with fMRI correlates during irony comprehension [43]. Nevertheless, the importance of prosody for irony comprehe ...
optimal feedback control and the neural basis of volitional motor
... controllers correct variations (errors) if they influence the goal of the task; otherwise, they are ignored. Optimal state estimation is created by combining feedback signals and efferent copy of motor commands. The latter uses a forward internal model to convert motor commands to state variables. A ...
... controllers correct variations (errors) if they influence the goal of the task; otherwise, they are ignored. Optimal state estimation is created by combining feedback signals and efferent copy of motor commands. The latter uses a forward internal model to convert motor commands to state variables. A ...
Subcortical loops through the basal ganglia
... contact with hindbrain premotor nuclei responsible for directing the animal towards or away from salient cues [32–35]. Deep-layer neurons are responsive to unisensory and multisensory stimuli [35] and exhibit bursts of activity tightly coupled to stimulus onset, to the initiation of a motor response ...
... contact with hindbrain premotor nuclei responsible for directing the animal towards or away from salient cues [32–35]. Deep-layer neurons are responsive to unisensory and multisensory stimuli [35] and exhibit bursts of activity tightly coupled to stimulus onset, to the initiation of a motor response ...
The Cerebellum - krigolson teaching
... the head and proximal parts of the body. It projects by way of the fastigial nucleus to cortical and brain stem regions that give rise to the medial descending systems controlling proximal muscles of the body and limbs. The vermis governs posture and locomotion as well as eye movements. The adjacent ...
... the head and proximal parts of the body. It projects by way of the fastigial nucleus to cortical and brain stem regions that give rise to the medial descending systems controlling proximal muscles of the body and limbs. The vermis governs posture and locomotion as well as eye movements. The adjacent ...
an integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function
... lower-level sensory and motor processes along a common theme, an internal goal. This ability for cognitive control no doubt involves neural circuitry that extends over much of the brain, but it is commonly held that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is particularly important. The PFC is the neocortical re ...
... lower-level sensory and motor processes along a common theme, an internal goal. This ability for cognitive control no doubt involves neural circuitry that extends over much of the brain, but it is commonly held that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is particularly important. The PFC is the neocortical re ...
Turtle Dorsal Cortex Pyramidal Neurons Comprise Two Distinct Cell
... organization of pyramidal neurons in neocortex (Fig 1A) plays a key role in the processing of visual inputs, as indicated by layer and cell-type specificity of sensory responses [10–14]. The search for pyramidal neuron subtypes is particularly significant in the trilaminar allocortex [15], which con ...
... organization of pyramidal neurons in neocortex (Fig 1A) plays a key role in the processing of visual inputs, as indicated by layer and cell-type specificity of sensory responses [10–14]. The search for pyramidal neuron subtypes is particularly significant in the trilaminar allocortex [15], which con ...
FREE Sample Here
... and explain how neurons communicate with each other. KEYWORDS: Define/Describe 15. Regarding the nervous system, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Nerves are not the same as neurons and can be visible to the human eye. b. The nervous system has more than one type of neuron. c. There are ...
... and explain how neurons communicate with each other. KEYWORDS: Define/Describe 15. Regarding the nervous system, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Nerves are not the same as neurons and can be visible to the human eye. b. The nervous system has more than one type of neuron. c. There are ...
Effects on the central and peripheral nervous activity in rats elicited
... the Mn content of solid household waste. Inorganic Mn, once absorbed into the bloodstream, can pass the blood– brain barrier in transferrin-bound form, and as free Mn2+ ion via a cation transporter (Aschner et al., 1999) and can deposit in the brain. In chronic human disease resulting from long-term ...
... the Mn content of solid household waste. Inorganic Mn, once absorbed into the bloodstream, can pass the blood– brain barrier in transferrin-bound form, and as free Mn2+ ion via a cation transporter (Aschner et al., 1999) and can deposit in the brain. In chronic human disease resulting from long-term ...
The Neural Basis of Human Error Processing: Reinforcement
... learning signals to the basal ganglia and frontal cortex, where they are used to facilitate the development of adaptive motor programs. Although the reinforcement learning function attributed to the mesencephalic dopamine system and the error-processing function associated with the ERN appear to be ...
... learning signals to the basal ganglia and frontal cortex, where they are used to facilitate the development of adaptive motor programs. Although the reinforcement learning function attributed to the mesencephalic dopamine system and the error-processing function associated with the ERN appear to be ...
CEREBRAL ACTIVATION DURING THERMAL
... pathway ascending to the higher centers (thalamus, cortex) of the CNS; and the third/fourth-order (interneurons) neurons, which carry impulses through a multi-synaptic path to the thalamus, reticular formation, other parts of the brainstem and other brain structures, such as the cerebellum, superior ...
... pathway ascending to the higher centers (thalamus, cortex) of the CNS; and the third/fourth-order (interneurons) neurons, which carry impulses through a multi-synaptic path to the thalamus, reticular formation, other parts of the brainstem and other brain structures, such as the cerebellum, superior ...
The auditory cortex
... clearest topography, which is de®ned by the local characteristic frequency (CF) of the neurons, extends from low CFs (left) to high CFs (right). Along this frequency axis, narrow stripes can be found in which the CFs of most of the neurons are very similar (isofrequency stripes). In the ventral part ...
... clearest topography, which is de®ned by the local characteristic frequency (CF) of the neurons, extends from low CFs (left) to high CFs (right). Along this frequency axis, narrow stripes can be found in which the CFs of most of the neurons are very similar (isofrequency stripes). In the ventral part ...
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... cortices (Wong-Riley, 1989) and is also related to the neurovascular events measured in functional imaging studies (Wobst et al., 2001). Acetylcholinesterase is linked to cholinergic activity in cortex (Mesulam and Geula, 1992) and is well known to modulate neuronal activity in primary auditory cort ...
... cortices (Wong-Riley, 1989) and is also related to the neurovascular events measured in functional imaging studies (Wobst et al., 2001). Acetylcholinesterase is linked to cholinergic activity in cortex (Mesulam and Geula, 1992) and is well known to modulate neuronal activity in primary auditory cort ...
An Integrative Theory on Prefrontal Cortex Function
... lower-level sensory and motor processes along a common theme, an internal goal. This ability for cognitive control no doubt involves neural circuitry that extends over much of the brain, but it is commonly held that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is particularly important. The PFC is the neocortical re ...
... lower-level sensory and motor processes along a common theme, an internal goal. This ability for cognitive control no doubt involves neural circuitry that extends over much of the brain, but it is commonly held that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is particularly important. The PFC is the neocortical re ...
Changes of Synaptic Density in the Primary Visual Cortex of the
... maturation rather than estimate the absolute number of synaptic contacts. A total of 90 vertical probes were made for the present study, representing more than 10,000 photomicrographs, covering about 1.56 mm* ofcortical tissue, on which 289,433 synaptic contacts were marked, counted, measured, and c ...
... maturation rather than estimate the absolute number of synaptic contacts. A total of 90 vertical probes were made for the present study, representing more than 10,000 photomicrographs, covering about 1.56 mm* ofcortical tissue, on which 289,433 synaptic contacts were marked, counted, measured, and c ...
Human brain
The human brain is the main organ of the human nervous system. It is located in the head, protected by the skull. It has the same general structure as the brains of other mammals, but with a more developed cerebral cortex. Large animals such as whales and elephants have larger brains in absolute terms, but when measured using a measure of relative brain size, which compensates for body size, the quotient for the human brain is almost twice as large as that of a bottlenose dolphin, and three times as large as that of a chimpanzee. Much of the size of the human brain comes from the cerebral cortex, especially the frontal lobes, which are associated with executive functions such as self-control, planning, reasoning, and abstract thought. The area of the cerebral cortex devoted to vision, the visual cortex, is also greatly enlarged in humans compared to other animals.The human cerebral cortex is a thick layer of neural tissue that covers most of the brain. This layer is folded in a way that increases the amount of surface that can fit into the volume available. The pattern of folds is similar across individuals, although there are many small variations. The cortex is divided into four lobes – the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe. (Some classification systems also include a limbic lobe and treat the insular cortex as a lobe.) Within each lobe are numerous cortical areas, each associated with a particular function, including vision, motor control, and language. The left and right sides of the cortex are broadly similar in shape, and most cortical areas are replicated on both sides. Some areas, though, show strong lateralization, particularly areas that are involved in language. In most people, the left hemisphere is dominant for language, with the right hemisphere playing only a minor role. There are other functions, such as visual-spatial ability, for which the right hemisphere is usually dominant.Despite being protected by the thick bones of the skull, suspended in cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier, the human brain is susceptible to damage and disease. The most common forms of physical damage are closed head injuries such as a blow to the head, a stroke, or poisoning by a variety of chemicals which can act as neurotoxins, such as ethanol alcohol. Infection of the brain, though serious, is rare because of the biological barriers which protect it. The human brain is also susceptible to degenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease, (mostly as the result of aging) and multiple sclerosis. A number of psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia and clinical depression, are thought to be associated with brain dysfunctions, although the nature of these is not well understood. The brain can also be the site of brain tumors and these can be benign or malignant.There are some techniques for studying the brain that are used in other animals that are just not suitable for use in humans and vice versa. It is easier to obtain individual brain cells taken from other animals, for study. It is also possible to use invasive techniques in other animals such as inserting electrodes into the brain or disabling certains parts of the brain in order to examine the effects on behaviour – techniques that are not possible to be used in humans. However, only humans can respond to complex verbal instructions or be of use in the study of important brain functions such as language and other complex cognitive tasks, but studies from humans and from other animals, can be of mutual help. Medical imaging technologies such as functional neuroimaging and EEG recordings are important techniques in studying the brain. The complete functional understanding of the human brain is an ongoing challenge for neuroscience.