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Effects of in vitro addition of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus ( IPNV)
Effects of in vitro addition of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus ( IPNV)

... 3.2. Direct effect of IPNV on macrophage respiratory burst activity The influence of IPNV on macrophage respiratory burst activity was studied using different viral doses and times of incubation. Whether using three viral doses over a short time course (1 h to 48 h) or only the high viral dose over ...
Slide 1
Slide 1

... aqueous crystalline form, is the drug of choice for treatment of all stages of syphilis, and is the only effective treatment for the prevention of congenital syphilis in pregnancy. • Erythromycin may be curative in the mother, but may not prevent congenital syphilis because of the variability of tra ...
Genital Warts - Schiffert Health Center
Genital Warts - Schiffert Health Center

... growths may appear singly or in groups in the genital area and/or around the anus, usually cause no symptoms, and often increase in number and/or size as time passes. Visible genital warts, which make up only about 10% of all genital HPV infections, often have a characteristic appearance and can be ...
ACALCULOUS CHOLECYSTITIS IN 14
ACALCULOUS CHOLECYSTITIS IN 14

... specifically documented as a cause of acalculous cholecystitis. Mesenteric lymphadentitis leading to possible reactive hyperplasia of the cystic duct may initiate cholecystitis leading to initiate obstruction of bile flow. Chronic AC may result from a functional defect of the gall bladder causing bi ...
Is HIV still a death sentence in Asia?
Is HIV still a death sentence in Asia?

... HIV disease is a continuum of progressive damage to the immune system from the time of infection to the manifestation of severe immunological damage by opportunistic infection, neoplasm wasting or low CD4 lymphocyte count that define AIDS. HIV attacks white blood cells called CD4 positive T-cells an ...
Cold agglutinin disease associated with mycoplasma infection in an
Cold agglutinin disease associated with mycoplasma infection in an

... vessels (Raynaud’s syndrome) was elaborated by Clough and Iwai. Half a century has elapsed since Scubothe coined the term Cold Agglutinin Disease. Cold Agglutinin Disease is characterized by an auto-antibody which has the capability to agglutinate red blood cells at temperatures lower than that of t ...
Policy statement - Raleigh Street Childcare Centre
Policy statement - Raleigh Street Childcare Centre

... available to all stakeholders (refer to www.health.vic.gov.au/immunisation/factsheets/schedulevictoria.htm)  conducting a thorough inspection of the service and consulting with educators/staff to assess any risks by identifying the hazards and potential sources of infection to educators/staff and c ...
The burden of invasive infections in critically ill Indigenous children
The burden of invasive infections in critically ill Indigenous children

... educational resources.6 In Australia, children of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander background are more than twice as likely to die during childhood than non-Indigenous Australian children.6 Indigenous Australian children have a higher risk of contracting infectious diseases, including otitis me ...
HIV Info Sheet - Positively Adopted
HIV Info Sheet - Positively Adopted

... HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus and it is the virus that causes AIDS if left untreated. AIDS is the most advanced stage of the infection caused by HIV. Most people who are HIV positive do not have AIDS. HIV is different from most other viruses because it lowers the immune system and leav ...
DISEASES OF THE NEWBORN
DISEASES OF THE NEWBORN

... entrance via the placenta, and probably by means of placentitis due to a blood born infection or an existing endometritis. Thus disinfections of the uterus is so important and disinfections of the environment may have little effect on the incident of the disease. If the disease is postnatal the port ...
Biliary Tract Disease
Biliary Tract Disease

... – IA – cystic dilatation of the entire extrahepatic duct – IB – focal dilatation of the extrahepatic duct – IC – smooth, fusiform dilatation of the entire extrahepatic duct ...
011801 Acute Pharyngitis
011801 Acute Pharyngitis

... agent is group A streptococcus.6 A number of algorithms incorporating epidemiologic and clinical factors have been devised; these improve diagnostic accuracy primarily by identifying patients with an exceedingly low risk of streptococcal infection.4,7,8 Indicators of low risk include the absence of ...
hepatitis b - Viral Hepatitis Action Coalition
hepatitis b - Viral Hepatitis Action Coalition

... In fact, sexual contact is the most common way Hepatitis B is spread in the United States. If you are sexually active, talk to your health professional about your risk for STDs and HIV and get vaccinated against Hepatitis B. ...
SOCIETY Assembly of Members 2008 - UEMS
SOCIETY Assembly of Members 2008 - UEMS

... rarely has this been a national decision; more often it has evolved as a tradition among colleagues because there was no obvious alternative. This resulted in the use of seven systems in Europe. With the gradual harmonization of European breakpoints, this is now reduced to two – European breakpoints ...
11165-33072-1
11165-33072-1

... Hydatid disease is an important public health problem and is endemic in sheep and cattle raising areas worldwide.1,2 Endemic foci are seen in Eastern Europe, the Mediterranean countries, Australia, New Zealand, India, Russia and South Africa.3,4 In different studies, the incidence of hydatid disease ...
Pharyngitis and Adenotonsillar Disease
Pharyngitis and Adenotonsillar Disease

... Infectious mononucleosis resembles a severe attack of acute tonsillitis. Manifestations are similar: high fever; large, swollen, dirty graty membrane-covered tonsils (Fig. 68-1); malaise; sore throat; dysphagia; and odynophagia are present. These patients may have liver ...
Lyme Disease in Australia
Lyme Disease in Australia

... • Digestive – nausea, irritable bowel, abdominal pain • EENT – ringing in the ears, visual changes (blurriness etc), hearing loss ...
Assessing the Impacts of Desert Afforestation on the Spread of
Assessing the Impacts of Desert Afforestation on the Spread of

... 3.2 Disease Vector Propagation Hypothesis  The  proposed  study  will  assess  the  hypothesis  that  if  a  mature  forest  were  to  cover  the  present­day Sahara desert, then more migratory species that potentially carry disease vectors  would  traverse  the  trans­Saharan  Region.  Although  mo ...
about Lyme Disease in Australia - Lyme Disease Association of
about Lyme Disease in Australia - Lyme Disease Association of

... ▪ Other doctors are willing to diagnose Lyme Disease, but are unwilling or unable to treat it. The vast bulk of experience in treating Lyme Disease is with Lyme Disease specialists in the USA (because of the endemic nature of Lyme Disease in the USA). ▪ There is one Lyme Disease Specialist (a Naturo ...
The Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR)
The Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR)

... they have provided to support their claims of safety have been epidemiological studies, generally considered to be the least reliable because of the ease with which they can be manipulated. Tellingly, in a series of U.S. Congressional Hearings dealing with issues of vaccine safety that took place fr ...
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/infectious pustular vulvovaginitis
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/infectious pustular vulvovaginitis

... Identification of the agent: The virus can be isolated from nasal or genital swabs from animals with respiratory signs, vulvovaginitis or balanoposthitis, taken during the acute phase of the infection, and, in severe cases, from various organs collected at post-mortem. Following infection, BoHV-1 ma ...
IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS)
IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS)

... after birth. Global Perspectives Of Hepatitis B Virus: Infection by hepatitis B virus is a serious public health problem in all parts of the world. About a third of the world population has been infected at one point in their lives, including 350 million who are chronic carriers (Wikipedia, 2014). H ...
Application APP202377 - Environmental Protection Authority
Application APP202377 - Environmental Protection Authority

... virus does not necessarily correlate with clinical disease (Ramneek et al, 2005; Howell, 1992). It was first detected in New Zealand in 1967, four serotypes (A, B, C, and D) were subsequently isolated and described as distinct from those present in other countries (Lohr, 1976 and 1977). Recent molec ...
Advances in modeling highlight a tension between analytical
Advances in modeling highlight a tension between analytical

... age, age2, gender, a latent spatial effect, and a spatially varying linear time trend. Osnas et al. (2009) again confirmed that males are more likely to be positive for CWD and that risk of infection, especially in males, increases with age and decreases among older deer. They concluded that the obse ...
Feline Infectious Peritonitis - HousePaws In Home Veterinarian
Feline Infectious Peritonitis - HousePaws In Home Veterinarian

... While coronaviruses in general are highly contagious, the number of exposed cats that actually contract FIP is low. In most cats, coronaviruses remain confined to the intestinal tract and will not cause FIP. It appears that a combination of virus mutation and a trigger within the cat (possibly with ...
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Pandemic



A pandemic (from Greek πᾶν pan ""all"" and δῆμος demos ""people"") is an epidemic of infectious disease that has spread through human populations across a large region; for instance multiple continents, or even worldwide. A widespread endemic disease that is stable in terms of how many people are getting sick from it is not a pandemic. Further, flu pandemics generally exclude recurrences of seasonal flu. Throughout history there have been a number of pandemics, such as smallpox and tuberculosis. More recent pandemics include the HIV pandemic as well as the 1918 and 2009 H1N1 pandemics. The Black Death was a devastating pandemic, killing over 75 million people.
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