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T Pinworm
T Pinworm

... of the adult worms around the anus, perineum, or entrance to the vagina. The optimum time to see the worms is 1 to 2 hours after a child has gone to bed or on awakening in the morning. A flashlight will help with the search. A second test is to observe the eggs, which are about the size of the head ...
Module 1: Transmission and Pathogenesis
Module 1: Transmission and Pathogenesis

... exposed to TB. People who have been exposed to TB are screened for TB infection and disease. State and some big-city health departments report TB cases to the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) based on certain criteria. CDC reports the number of TB cases that occur each year i ...
RABIES OVERVIEW: This is primarily a viral infection of non
RABIES OVERVIEW: This is primarily a viral infection of non

... 1. Prodromal phase - the onset of clinical rabies includes 2-4 days of prodromal manifestations, most of which are  low fever, malaise, headache, anorexia, nausea and sore throat  increasing nervousness, anxiety, irritability and depression and melancholia, with or without a sense of impending de ...
Antiretroviral Therapy and the Liver
Antiretroviral Therapy and the Liver

... • Sexual Transmission of Hepatitis C Virus Among HIVInfected Men Who Have Sex with Men --- New York City, 2005--2010 • Acute Hepatitis C Virus Infections Attributed to Unsafe Injection Practices at an Endoscopy Clinic --Nevada, 2007 • Hepatitis C Virus Infection Among Adolescents and Young Adults -- ...
Celiac Disease—The Elusive Autoimmune Disorder:
Celiac Disease—The Elusive Autoimmune Disorder:

... The ingestion of gluten, even in small amounts, is the primary trig- or silent forms, can result in prolonged exposure to gluten and increased ger, but other factors have been implicated as co-factors in the active risk of complications.13,14,45,62 onset of celiac disease for the first time. These i ...
Macaque Models of Human Infectious Disease
Macaque Models of Human Infectious Disease

... infectious diseases of diverse etiologies, including a multitude of agents—bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, prions. The remarkable diversity of human infectious diseases that have been modeled in the macaque includes global, childhood, and tropical diseases as well as newly emergent, sexually tr ...
How should environmental stress affect the population dynamics of
How should environmental stress affect the population dynamics of

... disease spread. Finally, the third term may also be positive or negative. All else being equal, the first term will tend to dominate when hosts are very abundant. If S remains constant at K, we can easily solve eqn 1, for the basic reproductive ÔrateÕ of a disease, Ro, which is defined as the expect ...
Aphthous colitis in a woman with diverticulitis
Aphthous colitis in a woman with diverticulitis

... Recently, a case of aphthous colitis in a young man with diverticulitis was reported by Jung et al.8 Aphthous lesions were extended in the proximal large bowel, beyond a stricture and far away from the diverticular segment. They were most prominent in the cecum. The authors suggest that aphthous les ...
A Case of Meningitis Caused by Streptococcus pyogenes in a Child
A Case of Meningitis Caused by Streptococcus pyogenes in a Child

... because of erythema, warmness and tenderness over the reservoir that has been implanted one monthpreviously. On physical examination the child was drowsy with a poor general condition. The temperature was 39.9ºC and he had severe headache. His pulse rate was 94/min, respiratory rate was 24/min and b ...
Risk factors for fatal infectious complications developing
Risk factors for fatal infectious complications developing

... showed that the risk of death from infection has been reduced in recent years but that it does occur for several years after HSCT.1 However, the risk factors regarding death from infection in long-term survivors have not been thoroughly studied. The main causes of late death in HSCT recipients are l ...
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Avian Influenza and
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Avian Influenza and

... 1A Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Severe acute respiratory syndrome is a recently recognised illness caused by infection with a novel virus, SARS-associated Corona Virus (SARS-CoV). SARS was first identified in the winter/spring of 2002/3 when over 8000 cases were diagnosed with a 10% mort ...
4.7 INFLUENZA 4.7.1 Virology 4.7.2 Clinical features 4.7.3
4.7 INFLUENZA 4.7.1 Virology 4.7.2 Clinical features 4.7.3

... co-circulated with influenza B. More recently, various avian influenza A virus subtypes, particularly H5N1, H7N9 and H9N2, have caused human infections, but sustained human-to-human transmission has not been reported.17,18 In 2009, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a pandemic of a novel s ...
application/pdf, 527.67 KB
application/pdf, 527.67 KB

... national registry, the national biobank and new technologies”. 2016 - Ragna and Paul Nyberg Foundation. Grant to support to activities of the outpatient clinic for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis at the Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden. 2016 – Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation (Hjär ...
Studies on the transmission of natural scrapie in an infected flock
Studies on the transmission of natural scrapie in an infected flock

... pasture after the scrapie-affected sheep have been removed and can be transmitted to clean sheep exposed to these areas of the farm. In this study only a few lambs of the ARQ/ARQ genotype became infected with scrapie although some of the ones that were exposed to pasture, in direct contact with the ...
Frequently Asked Questions: Viral Meningitis
Frequently Asked Questions: Viral Meningitis

... other viruses can also cause viral meningitis. In many cases, the specific virus that causes the meningitis is not identified. Enteroviruses are passed from person to person through stool or saliva (spit), but most people who come in contact with enteroviruses do not develop an infection. This is be ...
Parkinson`s disease is a disorder of the brain and the nervous system
Parkinson`s disease is a disorder of the brain and the nervous system

... It is not critically important that readers have a detailed knowledge of how Parkinson’s disease is assessed and evaluated. These tests are described so that CNAs will have an understanding of the impairments and limitations caused by Parkinson’s disease. This understanding can be furthered by perfo ...
Parkinson`s disease is a disorder of the brain and the nervous system
Parkinson`s disease is a disorder of the brain and the nervous system

... It is not critically important that readers have a detailed knowledge of how Parkinson’s disease is assessed and evaluated. These tests are described so that CNAs will have an understanding of the impairments and limitations caused by Parkinson’s disease. This understanding can be furthered by perfo ...
Aalborg Universitet Genetic risk factors of inflammatory bowel disease Ernst, Anja
Aalborg Universitet Genetic risk factors of inflammatory bowel disease Ernst, Anja

... dominant and gender-linked diseases which allows for exact calculation of risk of disease, the inheritance pattern of complex diseases are less evident. Complex diseases are associated with the effects of multiple genes and also in combination with environmental factors such as lifestyle factors. Ge ...
4.Orb cell
4.Orb cell

... problem? • What do you think can be done with the abscess? • Is there any role of health education in this case? ...
P.PSH.0750 qRT-PCR to detect FMD virus dft FR
P.PSH.0750 qRT-PCR to detect FMD virus dft FR

... The main objective of sample pooling is to reduce the number of samples to be tested. However, pool size must be practical and not significantly compromise analytical sensitivity. The time and cost for preparing pools must be offset against the cost of testing of individual samples. For surveillance ...
Fundamentals of prions and their inactivation (Review)
Fundamentals of prions and their inactivation (Review)

... and thalamus in FFI. Such damage is caused by neuronal cell loss, astrocytosis, and vacuolation, leading to degeneration (5). Another prion disease, vCJD, is important in connection to BSE, which affected as many as 180,000 cattle from 1985 to 1995 in the United Kingdom (UK) (12). The total number o ...
Core Elements of Hospital Antibiotic Stewardship Programs
Core Elements of Hospital Antibiotic Stewardship Programs

... Understand the core elements of effective antimicrobial stewardship programs ...
A Population Model of Malaria Transmission According to Within
A Population Model of Malaria Transmission According to Within

... Malaria is a vector-borne infectious disease which is caused by protozoan parasites. Symptoms are characterized by high fever, chills, u-like symptoms, and in many cases, death. Malaria shares many characteristics with other protozoan parasites, which cause diseases such as African trypanosomiasis ...
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS)
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS)

... This study examined the seroprevalence of HBV and HCV co-infection among HIV patients and the observed positivity of HBV, HCV and co-infection obtained was 22 (11%), 27 (13.5%) and 10 (5%) respectively. The prevalence rates of HBV and HCV among these patients are comparable with reports by (Forbi et ...
Section II Biological Risk Assessment
Section II Biological Risk Assessment

... Cell cultures. Workers who handle or manipulate human or animal cells and tissues are at risk for possible exposure to potentially infectious latent and adventitious agents that may be present in those cells and tissues. This risk is well understood and illustrated by the reactivation of herpes viru ...
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Pandemic



A pandemic (from Greek πᾶν pan ""all"" and δῆμος demos ""people"") is an epidemic of infectious disease that has spread through human populations across a large region; for instance multiple continents, or even worldwide. A widespread endemic disease that is stable in terms of how many people are getting sick from it is not a pandemic. Further, flu pandemics generally exclude recurrences of seasonal flu. Throughout history there have been a number of pandemics, such as smallpox and tuberculosis. More recent pandemics include the HIV pandemic as well as the 1918 and 2009 H1N1 pandemics. The Black Death was a devastating pandemic, killing over 75 million people.
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