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A Population Model of Malaria Transmission According to Within
A Population Model of Malaria Transmission According to Within

... Malaria is a vector-borne infectious disease which is caused by protozoan parasites. Symptoms are characterized by high fever, chills, u-like symptoms, and in many cases, death. Malaria shares many characteristics with other protozoan parasites, which cause diseases such as African trypanosomiasis ...
Section II Biological Risk Assessment
Section II Biological Risk Assessment

... Cell cultures. Workers who handle or manipulate human or animal cells and tissues are at risk for possible exposure to potentially infectious latent and adventitious agents that may be present in those cells and tissues. This risk is well understood and illustrated by the reactivation of herpes viru ...
Notes to the Quarantine and Prevention of Disease Ordinance
Notes to the Quarantine and Prevention of Disease Ordinance

... Disease Ordinance comprising Chapter 147 of the Revised Laws of the Colony of Singapore in its application to the Territory as amended and in force under sections 7 and 8 of the ...
The Aminotransferases: Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) Alanine
The Aminotransferases: Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) Alanine

... • Chronic liver diseases, advanced cirrhosis, Wilson’s Disease, estrogens • Crigler-Najjar syndrome types I and II, extremely rare ...
malaria.
malaria.

... thousands of years. Perhaps the best known of the traditional remedies is quinine, which is derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. The Spanish learned about quinine from Peruvian Indians in the 1600s. Export of quinine to Europe, and later the United States, was a lucrative business until World ...
Fever: Parental Concerns - Daziran Integrative Health
Fever: Parental Concerns - Daziran Integrative Health

... Another meta-analysis confirmed that ibuprofen was significantly more effective than acetaminophen in reducing fever after a single dose; however, both medications were equally efficacious when multiple doses were administered [40]. It appears that ibuprofen is somewhat more effective than acetamino ...
Poliomyelitis vaccines for Australians - fact sheet
Poliomyelitis vaccines for Australians - fact sheet

... committed to the eradication of polio since 1988 and polio cases have decreased by over 99% since that time.10 Eradication targets were set for 2005 and again in 2010 and most recently the WHO announced the Polio Eradication and Endgame Strategic Plan 2013–2018.11 Eradication would mean the incidenc ...
the role of viral, bacterial, parasitic and human sialidases in disease
the role of viral, bacterial, parasitic and human sialidases in disease

... Sialic acids are electronegatively charged monosaccharides in higher animals and in a number of viruses, bacteria and eukaryotes. They are involved in many cellular functions and are found at terminal positions of many surface-exposed glycoconjugates, either alone or in oligo- or polymeric form (Var ...
Epidemiologic Characteristics of Patients Treated in a Referral
Epidemiologic Characteristics of Patients Treated in a Referral

... equally infected with bacterial meningitis, herpes encephalitis, and cerebral abscess. The age groups were significantly effective on the type of infection (P < 0.05). 32.8% of the infections occurred in autumn (Figure 1). The most frequent infection occurred in autumn and summer (47.6% and 66.7%, r ...
SARS coronavirus
SARS coronavirus

... viral particles with structures suggesting paramyxovirus in respiratory secretions of SARS patients. Subsequently, in Canada, electron microscopic examination found viral particles with structures suggestive of metapneumovirus (a subtype of paramyxovirus) in respiratory secretions. Chinese researche ...
ID_3963_Epidemiology task_English_sem_10
ID_3963_Epidemiology task_English_sem_10

... All patients with the “long term fever” have to be assessed for such diseases, except for: Typhoid Spotted fever Malaria URTI HIV/AIDS All the actins can be considered as prophylactic exept: Prevention of microbial contamination of environment Disinfection of water according to the requirements of s ...
Causes of encephalitis and differences in their clinical presentations
Causes of encephalitis and differences in their clinical presentations

... about new and emerging triggers.1,2 Over the past decade, emerging viruses implicated in causing encephalitis include the Nipah virus, bat lyssaviruses, and avian influenza A H5N1.3–5 The case of West Nile virus in North America shows the potential for infections to become established in new regions ...
Effective Retrieval of Lyme Disease Information on the Web
Effective Retrieval of Lyme Disease Information on the Web

... are listed in table 1. The Lyme disease home page of the CDC’s Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases (DVBID) provides concise and objective information (figure 1). As an agency that serves the public, the CDC targets information toward both the layperson and the scientific community. The site ...
Nontherapeutic Use of Antimicrobial Agents in Animal Agriculture
Nontherapeutic Use of Antimicrobial Agents in Animal Agriculture

... globally and threatens our ability to treat infectious diseases. Antimicrobialresistant infections are associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and health care costs. Infants and children are affected by transmission of susceptible and resistant food zoonotic pathogens through the food supply ...
Arterial Grafts Protect the Native Coronary Vessels From
Arterial Grafts Protect the Native Coronary Vessels From

... New York State Cardiac Surgery Reporting System, Cardiac Catheterization Reporting System and Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Reporting System. This study was approved by the institutional review board at our institution, which waived written informed consent. The Cardiac Surgery Reporting System ...
- Pacific AIDS Education and Training Center
- Pacific AIDS Education and Training Center

... Case Study (continued) Diarrhea improved … but not resolved after 1 week Colonoscopy was performed showing … ...
Red M - South Coast Urogynecology
Red M - South Coast Urogynecology

... exposure to the virus. They may take the following course: • The first sign of infection is fluid accumulation (edema) at the infection site, which is quickly followed by small, grouped blisters-- the characteristic HSV lesions. • These form on an inflamed skin base, which is more visible in dry ski ...
How Well Do Vaccines Work?
How Well Do Vaccines Work?

... In general, vaccines produce antibodies in most people who receive them. The immune response from vaccines is different for each vaccine, but for children, most vaccines are between 70% and 100% effective at producing an antibody response (PHAC, 2006, p. 168, 175, 192,212, 230, 239, 252, 260, 329). ...
Network-based vaccination improves prospects for disease control
Network-based vaccination improves prospects for disease control

... to human–pathogen systems, network analysis tools have recently gained traction among ecologists studying wildlife disease dynamics [11–13]. Here, we present how network epidemiology can be used to develop efficient vaccination strategies for a social wildlife species. Great apes have experienced co ...
Presence of an emerging pathogen of amphibians in
Presence of an emerging pathogen of amphibians in

... occurred in New Zealand, where bovine TB was previously present, but the recent introduction of an efficient reservoir host for TB (the brushtail possum) has led to the re-emergence of this disease in cattle (Atkinson and Cameron, 1993). For this reason, we urge that measures be taken to rapidly eradi ...
CoexistenCe of Addison`s diseAse And peRniCious AnemiA: is tHe
CoexistenCe of Addison`s diseAse And peRniCious AnemiA: is tHe

... characterized by early onset and equal gender incidence5-7. Type II is defined by the presence of thyroid disease, type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) and Addison’s disease, but can also include other autoimmune conditions such as myasthenia gravis and celiac disease. It is a rare condition with a yearly ...
Increase of new HIV diagnoses among men who
Increase of new HIV diagnoses among men who

... with injecting drug use as the major mode of transmission [4,5]. People who inject drugs accounted for over 75% of HIV cases with known transmission category [4,5]. New HIV diagnoses among people infected through sexual intercourse were uncommon. However, the testing rate among the general populatio ...
Strategies for Safe Living After Solid Organ Transplantation
Strategies for Safe Living After Solid Organ Transplantation

... Furthermore, strategies for safe living must be carefully woven with the transplant recipient’s attempts to regain normal function and return to an active and productive life. Information on specific infections is available in other sections of these Guidelines, whereas this section will deal with i ...
Hepatitis E virus as a newly identified cause of acute viral hepatitis
Hepatitis E virus as a newly identified cause of acute viral hepatitis

... virus (HEV) genome obtained from the patient whose case is reported herein together with HEV sequences: (i) from human cases diagnosed in the Timone Virology laboratory of Marseille; (ii) of previously determined genotypes and subtypes [7]; and (iii) from GenBank and corresponding to the ten highest ...
community pan-flu preparedness: a checklist of key legal issues for
community pan-flu preparedness: a checklist of key legal issues for

... ultimately will save lives and be judged by their citizens as having done everything possible to get ready for one of Mother Nature’s inevitable and most catastrophic assaults on our population. For those who still believe that next pandemic simply will not occur or will be far more adequately and e ...
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Pandemic



A pandemic (from Greek πᾶν pan ""all"" and δῆμος demos ""people"") is an epidemic of infectious disease that has spread through human populations across a large region; for instance multiple continents, or even worldwide. A widespread endemic disease that is stable in terms of how many people are getting sick from it is not a pandemic. Further, flu pandemics generally exclude recurrences of seasonal flu. Throughout history there have been a number of pandemics, such as smallpox and tuberculosis. More recent pandemics include the HIV pandemic as well as the 1918 and 2009 H1N1 pandemics. The Black Death was a devastating pandemic, killing over 75 million people.
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