50 Emotional States and Feelings
... The Cnnon-Bard Theory Emphasizes the Role of the Hypothalamus and Other Subcortical Structures in Mediating Both the Cognitive and Peripheral Aspects of Emotion To deal with the shortcomings of the James-Lange theory, Cannon and Philip Bard suggested that two subcortical structures, the hypothalamus ...
... The Cnnon-Bard Theory Emphasizes the Role of the Hypothalamus and Other Subcortical Structures in Mediating Both the Cognitive and Peripheral Aspects of Emotion To deal with the shortcomings of the James-Lange theory, Cannon and Philip Bard suggested that two subcortical structures, the hypothalamus ...
Quantified Distribution of the Noradrenaline Innervation in the
... horn (CAl, CA3-a, CA3-b) and the medial blade (DG-mb), crest (DGc), and lateral blade (DG-lb) of the DG. The exact areas (sectors) to be counted consisted of columns comprising 4-8 rectangular counting windows according to the hippocampal region examined (Fig. 1). From one section and one rat to ano ...
... horn (CAl, CA3-a, CA3-b) and the medial blade (DG-mb), crest (DGc), and lateral blade (DG-lb) of the DG. The exact areas (sectors) to be counted consisted of columns comprising 4-8 rectangular counting windows according to the hippocampal region examined (Fig. 1). From one section and one rat to ano ...
Calcium Binding Protein-Like lmmunoreactivity Labels the Terminal
... prior to processing for immunohistochemistry. Sections were incubated for 24-48 hr at 4°C in primary antiserum diluted to 1: 10,000 (in PBS containing 0.5% Triton) in all cases except for the serial dilution controls (below). Sections were subsequently treated according to the peroxidase-antiperoxid ...
... prior to processing for immunohistochemistry. Sections were incubated for 24-48 hr at 4°C in primary antiserum diluted to 1: 10,000 (in PBS containing 0.5% Triton) in all cases except for the serial dilution controls (below). Sections were subsequently treated according to the peroxidase-antiperoxid ...
Integrating Optogenetic and Pharmacological Approaches to Study
... 2010; Yizhar et al., 2011b; Marin, 2012). More specifically, dysfunctional circuit mechanisms within the FS interneurons that selectively express the calciumbinding protein, parvalbumin, are hypothesized to underlie a range of symptoms of these neuropsychiatric diseases. Optogenetic manipulations ha ...
... 2010; Yizhar et al., 2011b; Marin, 2012). More specifically, dysfunctional circuit mechanisms within the FS interneurons that selectively express the calciumbinding protein, parvalbumin, are hypothesized to underlie a range of symptoms of these neuropsychiatric diseases. Optogenetic manipulations ha ...
Interoception and Emotion: a Neuroanatomical Perspective
... brain is not color-coded, its internal connections are not readily visible, its physiological operations are ephemeral, and it is organized in series of processing areas and nested hierarchies that form networks, so it is difficult to analyze. Studies of the effects of lesions and stimulation first ...
... brain is not color-coded, its internal connections are not readily visible, its physiological operations are ephemeral, and it is organized in series of processing areas and nested hierarchies that form networks, so it is difficult to analyze. Studies of the effects of lesions and stimulation first ...
An Optogenetic Approach to Understanding the Neural Circuits of Fear
... circuits and the identification of sites of neural plasticity in these circuits. Over the past 30 years, studies using lesion, electrophysiological, pharmacological, and biochemical/molecular techniques have revealed a great deal about the neural mechanisms of fear learning (1–7,11–13). Despite this ...
... circuits and the identification of sites of neural plasticity in these circuits. Over the past 30 years, studies using lesion, electrophysiological, pharmacological, and biochemical/molecular techniques have revealed a great deal about the neural mechanisms of fear learning (1–7,11–13). Despite this ...
Brain Stem Catecholamine Mechanisms in Tonic and
... actions on AP. Electrical or chemical stimulation of neurons in the region under appropriate conditions lowered AP,48-49 while lesions of the area resulted in elevations of AP.49"5' Neurons in the CVL do not project to the spinal cord (see next section). Thus, in functional terms, the RVL and CVL ap ...
... actions on AP. Electrical or chemical stimulation of neurons in the region under appropriate conditions lowered AP,48-49 while lesions of the area resulted in elevations of AP.49"5' Neurons in the CVL do not project to the spinal cord (see next section). Thus, in functional terms, the RVL and CVL ap ...
Conditioned and unconditioned regulation of human activity
... system is caused by presence in it of numerous branches of shoots of nervous cells - axons and dendrites. Shoots connect neurons and the nervous centres in a uniform network. Strengthening of irritation neurons stimulates distribution of excitation on nervous circuits. Due to existence of such commu ...
... system is caused by presence in it of numerous branches of shoots of nervous cells - axons and dendrites. Shoots connect neurons and the nervous centres in a uniform network. Strengthening of irritation neurons stimulates distribution of excitation on nervous circuits. Due to existence of such commu ...
MATERNAL BEHAVIOUR IN LACTATING RATS STIMULATES c
... decarboxlyase, the synthesizing enzyme for the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. Lactating rats were separated from pups beginning on day 5 postpartum, and 48 h later half were allowed to interact with a litter of pups for 60 min whereas the other half were not. Dams re-exposed to pups were highly m ...
... decarboxlyase, the synthesizing enzyme for the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. Lactating rats were separated from pups beginning on day 5 postpartum, and 48 h later half were allowed to interact with a litter of pups for 60 min whereas the other half were not. Dams re-exposed to pups were highly m ...
Effect of deep brain stimulation on substantia nigra neurons in a
... DBS is a surgical treatment method developed in the last decade, and is recognized as a new milestone for treatment of PD since the introduction of levodopa. Through continuous high-frequency stimulation regulating neural network function, DBS realigns the balance in basal ganglia motor circuits, wh ...
... DBS is a surgical treatment method developed in the last decade, and is recognized as a new milestone for treatment of PD since the introduction of levodopa. Through continuous high-frequency stimulation regulating neural network function, DBS realigns the balance in basal ganglia motor circuits, wh ...
Modulation of attentional inhibition by norepinephrine and cortisol
... several studies initially provided evidence for such an effect ŽKohn, 1954; Callaway and Dembo, 1958; Callaway, 1959; Agnew and Agnew, 1963.. However, contradictory findings have been obtained from both human and animal studies. In an attempt to elucidate the neurochemical underpinnigs of the effect ...
... several studies initially provided evidence for such an effect ŽKohn, 1954; Callaway and Dembo, 1958; Callaway, 1959; Agnew and Agnew, 1963.. However, contradictory findings have been obtained from both human and animal studies. In an attempt to elucidate the neurochemical underpinnigs of the effect ...
Spontaneous default mode network phase
... this, greater activity in DMN regions (and MPFC specifically) at baseline may provide individuals with a means to cope with situational selfthreats by either accurately retrieving past experiences associated with success or via self-enhancing and recalling past behavioral outcomes as better than the ...
... this, greater activity in DMN regions (and MPFC specifically) at baseline may provide individuals with a means to cope with situational selfthreats by either accurately retrieving past experiences associated with success or via self-enhancing and recalling past behavioral outcomes as better than the ...
Chapter 17 Intrinsic Optical Signal Imaging of Normal and Abnormal
... activated. These changes can be recorded from a variety of preparations, ranging from a single neuron preserved in vitro (31) to the human brain in the neurosurgical operating room (65). ORIS has been used extensively to map static functional architecture, such as orientation and ocular dominance co ...
... activated. These changes can be recorded from a variety of preparations, ranging from a single neuron preserved in vitro (31) to the human brain in the neurosurgical operating room (65). ORIS has been used extensively to map static functional architecture, such as orientation and ocular dominance co ...
Ramayya, A. G., Zaghloul, K. A., Weidemann, C. T., Baltuch, G. H.
... activity using the WaveClus software package (Quiroga et al., 2005). We band-pass filtered each voltage recording from 400 to 5000 Hz and manually removed periods of motion artifact. We identified spike events as positive or negative deflections in the voltage trace that crossed a threshold that was ...
... activity using the WaveClus software package (Quiroga et al., 2005). We band-pass filtered each voltage recording from 400 to 5000 Hz and manually removed periods of motion artifact. We identified spike events as positive or negative deflections in the voltage trace that crossed a threshold that was ...
Descartes` Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain
... ahead. Emotion and feeling, along with the covert physiological machinery underlying them, assist us with the daunting task of predicting an uncertain future and planning our actions accordingly. Beginning with an analysis of the nineteenth-century landmark case of Phineas Gage, whose behavior first ...
... ahead. Emotion and feeling, along with the covert physiological machinery underlying them, assist us with the daunting task of predicting an uncertain future and planning our actions accordingly. Beginning with an analysis of the nineteenth-century landmark case of Phineas Gage, whose behavior first ...
Slide 7.45b
... Cells specialized to transmit messages – can conduct but cannot replicate Have 3 specialized characteristics Longevity: with nutrition, can live as long as you do Amitotic: unable to reproduce themselves (so cannot be replaced) ...
... Cells specialized to transmit messages – can conduct but cannot replicate Have 3 specialized characteristics Longevity: with nutrition, can live as long as you do Amitotic: unable to reproduce themselves (so cannot be replaced) ...
Embodied Cognition and Mirror Neurons
... is predicted by embodied theories, but it is also predicted by nonembodied theories of cognition. Therefore, even in the presence of an overlap, we must ask where the area of overlap is located. Postle and colleagues (2008) investigated the overlap between areas involved in action execution and area ...
... is predicted by embodied theories, but it is also predicted by nonembodied theories of cognition. Therefore, even in the presence of an overlap, we must ask where the area of overlap is located. Postle and colleagues (2008) investigated the overlap between areas involved in action execution and area ...
Framework for Modeling the Cognitive Process
... comes from, where it is going, what it’s nature is and how it is used. This paper describes a signal-based perspective of information and how signals in general fuel the cognitive process. More significantly, we introduce a novel framework for conceptualizing the cognitive process. We describe cogni ...
... comes from, where it is going, what it’s nature is and how it is used. This paper describes a signal-based perspective of information and how signals in general fuel the cognitive process. More significantly, we introduce a novel framework for conceptualizing the cognitive process. We describe cogni ...
Amyloid inhibits retinoic acid synthesis exacerbating Alzheimer
... from the brain, as there is some evidence that the cause of late-onset AD is inadequate clearance, rather than excess production (Mawuenyega et al., 2010). Specific antibodies to Ab have been a favoured approach (Delrieu et al., 2012), but recently a drug which penetrates the blood–brain barrier and ...
... from the brain, as there is some evidence that the cause of late-onset AD is inadequate clearance, rather than excess production (Mawuenyega et al., 2010). Specific antibodies to Ab have been a favoured approach (Delrieu et al., 2012), but recently a drug which penetrates the blood–brain barrier and ...
The Emergence of Rule-Use: A Dynamic Neural Field Model of... Aaron Buss ()
... describing children’s behavior in terms of ‘rules’ raises some critical questions about the nature of the cognitive processes at work. It is unclear, for instance, how a hierarchical rule structure could be implemented in real-time in a nervous system. Similarly, ties to known changes in neural deve ...
... describing children’s behavior in terms of ‘rules’ raises some critical questions about the nature of the cognitive processes at work. It is unclear, for instance, how a hierarchical rule structure could be implemented in real-time in a nervous system. Similarly, ties to known changes in neural deve ...
How Neuroscience Predicts The Spontaneous Remission Of Addiction
... This model predicts that addictions will be progressive and lead the addicted individual to continue to pursue ever larger quantities of drugs or addictive behaviors until death ensues. Whereas, as we have seen, the opposite is the case, and the normal outcome of addiction is to overcome it as one m ...
... This model predicts that addictions will be progressive and lead the addicted individual to continue to pursue ever larger quantities of drugs or addictive behaviors until death ensues. Whereas, as we have seen, the opposite is the case, and the normal outcome of addiction is to overcome it as one m ...
Seizure, neurotransmitter release, and gene expression are closely
... factor in epilepsies was the impairment of GABAergic transmission (Meldrum, 1975). It turned out later that inhibitory neurotransmission may play an important role in the generation and maintenance of certain seizure types in the hippocampus and in the corticothalamo-cortical circuits (Avoli, 1996; ...
... factor in epilepsies was the impairment of GABAergic transmission (Meldrum, 1975). It turned out later that inhibitory neurotransmission may play an important role in the generation and maintenance of certain seizure types in the hippocampus and in the corticothalamo-cortical circuits (Avoli, 1996; ...
The Human Mirror Neuron System and Embodied
... into actions and movements, with substantial contributions from parietal cortex. What these chauvinistic statements underscore is the fact that it is simplistic to divide brain structure by task domain. A computational perspective makes clear that divisions between perception and action are artifici ...
... into actions and movements, with substantial contributions from parietal cortex. What these chauvinistic statements underscore is the fact that it is simplistic to divide brain structure by task domain. A computational perspective makes clear that divisions between perception and action are artifici ...
Commentaries on Viewpoint: A role for the prefrontal cortex in
... upon insufficient evidence from exercise studies. There remains uncertainty about how PFC accommodates to physical exertion by modulating cognitive control. Self-regulatory fatigue could occur due to either lack of increased PFC activity, heightened activity in subcortical structures, or both. Overc ...
... upon insufficient evidence from exercise studies. There remains uncertainty about how PFC accommodates to physical exertion by modulating cognitive control. Self-regulatory fatigue could occur due to either lack of increased PFC activity, heightened activity in subcortical structures, or both. Overc ...
Cognitive neuroscience
Cognitive neuroscience is an academic field concerned with the scientific study of biological substrates underlying cognition, with a specific focus on the neural substrates of mental processes. It addresses the questions of how psychological/cognitive functions are produced by neural circuits in the brain. Cognitive neuroscience is a branch of both psychology and neuroscience, overlapping with disciplines such as physiological psychology, cognitive psychology, and neuropsychology. Cognitive neuroscience relies upon theories in cognitive science coupled with evidence from neuropsychology, and computational modeling.Due to its multidisciplinary nature, cognitive neuroscientists may have various backgrounds. Other than the associated disciplines just mentioned, cognitive neuroscientists may have backgrounds in neurobiology, bioengineering, psychiatry, neurology, physics, computer science, linguistics, philosophy, and mathematics.Methods employed in cognitive neuroscience include experimental paradigms from psychophysics and cognitive psychology, functional neuroimaging, electrophysiology, cognitive genomics, and behavioral genetics. Studies of patients with cognitive deficits due to brain lesions constitute an important aspect of cognitive neuroscience. Theoretical approaches include computational neuroscience and cognitive psychology.Cognitive neuroscience can look at the effects of damage to the brain and subsequent changes in the thought processes due to changes in neural circuitry resulting from the ensued damage. Also, cognitive abilities based on brain development is studied and examined under the subfield of developmental cognitive neuroscience.