Two Phylogenetic Specializations in the Human Brain
... The spindle cells may serve to augment and relay the error-correcting information to other parts of the brain. The spindle cells are located in layer 5, which typically relays the output of cortical processing to other cortical areas and subcortical structures. The axons of the spindle cells are kno ...
... The spindle cells may serve to augment and relay the error-correcting information to other parts of the brain. The spindle cells are located in layer 5, which typically relays the output of cortical processing to other cortical areas and subcortical structures. The axons of the spindle cells are kno ...
Cognitive consequences of cooperative breeding?
... social complexity and brain size. Among primates, Dunbar (1998) famously argued that species living in large groups would face substantial cognitive challenges arising from the need to recognize and remember multiple group members, anticipate their actions and track their relationships. Accordingly, ...
... social complexity and brain size. Among primates, Dunbar (1998) famously argued that species living in large groups would face substantial cognitive challenges arising from the need to recognize and remember multiple group members, anticipate their actions and track their relationships. Accordingly, ...
Open interconnected model of basal ganglia
... neurodegenerative disorder of midlife onset, characterized clinically by prominent motor dysfunction, cognitive deterioration, affective and psychiatric symptoms.1,15,49–51 Despite the recent discovery of the genetic mutation associated with HD, the biochemical basis of HD pathogenesis and of the di ...
... neurodegenerative disorder of midlife onset, characterized clinically by prominent motor dysfunction, cognitive deterioration, affective and psychiatric symptoms.1,15,49–51 Despite the recent discovery of the genetic mutation associated with HD, the biochemical basis of HD pathogenesis and of the di ...
Roles of Multiple Globus Pallidus Territories of Monkeys and
... studies revealed that the anteroventral GP communicates with the medial prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortices, which are involved in motivational control; the anterodorsal GP communicates with the lateral prefrontal cortex, which is involved in cognitive control; and the posterior GP communicates wi ...
... studies revealed that the anteroventral GP communicates with the medial prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortices, which are involved in motivational control; the anterodorsal GP communicates with the lateral prefrontal cortex, which is involved in cognitive control; and the posterior GP communicates wi ...
Self-organization and interareal networks™in™the™primate cortex
... environment by sensing local and global correlations of neuronal activity. In this way, invariant characteristics of the world can be inferred as illustrated by color constancy and object segmentation. This notion of cortical function tempers efforts to understand the brain uniquely by studying all ...
... environment by sensing local and global correlations of neuronal activity. In this way, invariant characteristics of the world can be inferred as illustrated by color constancy and object segmentation. This notion of cortical function tempers efforts to understand the brain uniquely by studying all ...
04 Chemical Senses
... Dogs have about 170 cm2 compared to 10 cm2 in humans, and about 100 times more receptors per unit area Psychology 355 ...
... Dogs have about 170 cm2 compared to 10 cm2 in humans, and about 100 times more receptors per unit area Psychology 355 ...
US Copyright Law
... we use were derived from those used by anatomists to describe similar relations in the body as a whole; therefore, the brain's orientation with respect to the body determines the coordinate frame of reference that is used to describe anatomical relationships in the brain. But some confusing aspects ...
... we use were derived from those used by anatomists to describe similar relations in the body as a whole; therefore, the brain's orientation with respect to the body determines the coordinate frame of reference that is used to describe anatomical relationships in the brain. But some confusing aspects ...
Developments in understanding neuronal spike trains and functional
... explain fast response characteristics of many neuronal circuits, particularly those involved with visual processing (Koch, 1999). Put simply, there is significant presence of neuronal processing that involves dependency only on single spikes or on the time interval between spikes. This latter point ...
... explain fast response characteristics of many neuronal circuits, particularly those involved with visual processing (Koch, 1999). Put simply, there is significant presence of neuronal processing that involves dependency only on single spikes or on the time interval between spikes. This latter point ...
The Octopus: A Model for a Comparative Analysis of the Evolution of
... swam normally. Similarly, stimulating the VL or the superior frontal lobes of animals produced no obvious effects, whereas stimulating other parts of the brain caused move- ...
... swam normally. Similarly, stimulating the VL or the superior frontal lobes of animals produced no obvious effects, whereas stimulating other parts of the brain caused move- ...
Mechanisms for generating and compensating for the
... gaze position, microsaccades can be understood by relating them to the larger voluntary saccades, which abruptly shift gaze position. Starting from this approach to microsaccade analysis, I show how it can lead to significant insight about the generation and functional role of these eye movements. L ...
... gaze position, microsaccades can be understood by relating them to the larger voluntary saccades, which abruptly shift gaze position. Starting from this approach to microsaccade analysis, I show how it can lead to significant insight about the generation and functional role of these eye movements. L ...
A simultaneous ERP/fMRI investigation of the P300 aging effect
... with a marked anterior shift in the topography of both components that is apparent across a range of different tasks (Fabiani et al., 1998; Friedman, 2003; Richardson et al., 2011; West et al., 2010). This increasingly frontal orientation appears to mirror 1 of the most consistently observed phenome ...
... with a marked anterior shift in the topography of both components that is apparent across a range of different tasks (Fabiani et al., 1998; Friedman, 2003; Richardson et al., 2011; West et al., 2010). This increasingly frontal orientation appears to mirror 1 of the most consistently observed phenome ...
Rethinking Mammalian Brain Evolution1
... the study of brain evolution is limited to theory because it is essentially beyond the reach of experimental approaches. Although brains of extinct species are not available for direct inspection and analysis, this does not necessarily mean that theories of brain evolution are empirically untestable ...
... the study of brain evolution is limited to theory because it is essentially beyond the reach of experimental approaches. Although brains of extinct species are not available for direct inspection and analysis, this does not necessarily mean that theories of brain evolution are empirically untestable ...
Diagnostic History of Traumatic Axonal Injury in Patients with
... instead of DAI [23,24]. On the other hand, since the 1980’s, many researchers, including Povlishock, have used the term “TAI” in their histopathological studies [23,25,26,39]. Patients with the traditional definition of DAI are in profound coma from the onset of injury and usually have a poor outcom ...
... instead of DAI [23,24]. On the other hand, since the 1980’s, many researchers, including Povlishock, have used the term “TAI” in their histopathological studies [23,25,26,39]. Patients with the traditional definition of DAI are in profound coma from the onset of injury and usually have a poor outcom ...
Calcium Binding Protein-Like lmmunoreactivity Labels the Terminal
... in the isolation of calcium binding protein; Dr. Ngozi Erondu for his help in biochemical analysis; and Drs. David C. Van Essen and Leonard Maler for helpful discussions. This study was supported by National Science Foundation Grant BNS8411458 and NIH Grant NS14617 to M. K. and by an A.F.P. Sloan Fe ...
... in the isolation of calcium binding protein; Dr. Ngozi Erondu for his help in biochemical analysis; and Drs. David C. Van Essen and Leonard Maler for helpful discussions. This study was supported by National Science Foundation Grant BNS8411458 and NIH Grant NS14617 to M. K. and by an A.F.P. Sloan Fe ...
Development of GAP-43 mRNA in the macaque cerebral cortex
... pathfinding during axonal elongation. Together, these findings suggest that GAP-43 is instrumental in axonal elongation. This study is the first detailed demonstration of the developmental change in the amount of GAP-43 mRNA in the cerebral cortex of the primate. Addition of these findings to the mo ...
... pathfinding during axonal elongation. Together, these findings suggest that GAP-43 is instrumental in axonal elongation. This study is the first detailed demonstration of the developmental change in the amount of GAP-43 mRNA in the cerebral cortex of the primate. Addition of these findings to the mo ...
Neurons
... The intensity of a stimulus is coded by the frequency of action potentials (continued) – Intensity is coded in two other ways: – First, the intensity can be signaled by the frequency of action potentials in a single neuron—the more intense the stimulus, the faster the neuron fires action potential ...
... The intensity of a stimulus is coded by the frequency of action potentials (continued) – Intensity is coded in two other ways: – First, the intensity can be signaled by the frequency of action potentials in a single neuron—the more intense the stimulus, the faster the neuron fires action potential ...
Role of right pregenual anterior cingulate cortex in self
... such, they likely rely upon a distributed neuroanatomical network that obtains and evaluates information about the social context and relays this information to structures involved in emotion generation. Patient and neuroimaging studies offer converging evidence that a network involving prefrontal c ...
... such, they likely rely upon a distributed neuroanatomical network that obtains and evaluates information about the social context and relays this information to structures involved in emotion generation. Patient and neuroimaging studies offer converging evidence that a network involving prefrontal c ...
Models of bodily expression perception
... Depending on whether the stimulus is consciously seen and recognized, some of these processes may be associated with a conscious emotional experience. These are some of the main components of the ability to perceive bodily expressions. Based on results obtained so far, we have viewed them as the cor ...
... Depending on whether the stimulus is consciously seen and recognized, some of these processes may be associated with a conscious emotional experience. These are some of the main components of the ability to perceive bodily expressions. Based on results obtained so far, we have viewed them as the cor ...
PDF - Stanford University
... findings from this body of research, identifying the major brain regions or structures that have been implicated in depression and discussing their relation, when possible, to specific DSM symptoms of MDD. We focus in this paper on the structures that have received the most significant empirical att ...
... findings from this body of research, identifying the major brain regions or structures that have been implicated in depression and discussing their relation, when possible, to specific DSM symptoms of MDD. We focus in this paper on the structures that have received the most significant empirical att ...
The Rat Ventromedial Thalamic Nucleus and Motor Control: Role of
... kainate, and quisqualate receptors, the presence of which has been demonstrated within the thalamus, r-Amino-butyrate (GABA) has been identified as the transmitter of the basal ganglia afferents to the VM, whereas cerebellar afferents to the VM are supposed to release ACh acting on muscarinic recept ...
... kainate, and quisqualate receptors, the presence of which has been demonstrated within the thalamus, r-Amino-butyrate (GABA) has been identified as the transmitter of the basal ganglia afferents to the VM, whereas cerebellar afferents to the VM are supposed to release ACh acting on muscarinic recept ...
Reinforcement, and Punishment Striatal Mechanisms Underlying
... and make no conclusions about an organism’s hedonic state or whether it “likes” or “dislikes” the stimuli. Instead, the hedonic state of an organism can be described by the terms reward and aversion. Rewarding stimuli are those to which an animal assigns a positive hedonic value, whereas aversive st ...
... and make no conclusions about an organism’s hedonic state or whether it “likes” or “dislikes” the stimuli. Instead, the hedonic state of an organism can be described by the terms reward and aversion. Rewarding stimuli are those to which an animal assigns a positive hedonic value, whereas aversive st ...
Common and Distinct Neural Substrates for Pragmatic, Semantic
... understanding of the world) Ð to build up an overall representation of meaning (Kintsch, 1988; JohnsonLaird, 1987). As these different forms of linguistic information have different rules and representations, they are generally acknowledged to be independent of one another. However, a fundamental qu ...
... understanding of the world) Ð to build up an overall representation of meaning (Kintsch, 1988; JohnsonLaird, 1987). As these different forms of linguistic information have different rules and representations, they are generally acknowledged to be independent of one another. However, a fundamental qu ...
When the Sun Prickles Your Nose: An EEG Study Identifying
... conduction deafness, mediastinorrhexis and cerebral hemorrhage [3]. Lang & Howland [8] point out that photic sneezing could be dangerous for individuals in certain professions, such as baseball outfielders, high-wire acrobats, and airplane pilots, or in commonly experienced situations such as drivin ...
... conduction deafness, mediastinorrhexis and cerebral hemorrhage [3]. Lang & Howland [8] point out that photic sneezing could be dangerous for individuals in certain professions, such as baseball outfielders, high-wire acrobats, and airplane pilots, or in commonly experienced situations such as drivin ...
6-1 Nervous System
... associations areas in the parietal lobe, the basal ganglia, and the thalamus concerned with learned motor activities of complex and sequential nature such as writing or playing the piano ...
... associations areas in the parietal lobe, the basal ganglia, and the thalamus concerned with learned motor activities of complex and sequential nature such as writing or playing the piano ...
Cognitive neuroscience
Cognitive neuroscience is an academic field concerned with the scientific study of biological substrates underlying cognition, with a specific focus on the neural substrates of mental processes. It addresses the questions of how psychological/cognitive functions are produced by neural circuits in the brain. Cognitive neuroscience is a branch of both psychology and neuroscience, overlapping with disciplines such as physiological psychology, cognitive psychology, and neuropsychology. Cognitive neuroscience relies upon theories in cognitive science coupled with evidence from neuropsychology, and computational modeling.Due to its multidisciplinary nature, cognitive neuroscientists may have various backgrounds. Other than the associated disciplines just mentioned, cognitive neuroscientists may have backgrounds in neurobiology, bioengineering, psychiatry, neurology, physics, computer science, linguistics, philosophy, and mathematics.Methods employed in cognitive neuroscience include experimental paradigms from psychophysics and cognitive psychology, functional neuroimaging, electrophysiology, cognitive genomics, and behavioral genetics. Studies of patients with cognitive deficits due to brain lesions constitute an important aspect of cognitive neuroscience. Theoretical approaches include computational neuroscience and cognitive psychology.Cognitive neuroscience can look at the effects of damage to the brain and subsequent changes in the thought processes due to changes in neural circuitry resulting from the ensued damage. Also, cognitive abilities based on brain development is studied and examined under the subfield of developmental cognitive neuroscience.