Neural Basis of Brain Dysfunction Produced by Early Sleep Problems
... Abstract: There is a wealth of evidence that disrupted sleep and circadian rhythms, which are common in modern society even during the early stages of life, have unfavorable effects on brain function. Altered brain function can cause problem behaviors later in life, such as truancy from or dropping ...
... Abstract: There is a wealth of evidence that disrupted sleep and circadian rhythms, which are common in modern society even during the early stages of life, have unfavorable effects on brain function. Altered brain function can cause problem behaviors later in life, such as truancy from or dropping ...
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor mRNA Expression in the Brain of the Teleost
... pairwise alignments, which revealed a high level of nucleotide (87–88% with other teleost fish) and protein (ranging from 79 to 97% for all species examined) identity between the cloned sequence and other BDNF sequences from various species but lower identity level (^58%) with other neurotrophin ami ...
... pairwise alignments, which revealed a high level of nucleotide (87–88% with other teleost fish) and protein (ranging from 79 to 97% for all species examined) identity between the cloned sequence and other BDNF sequences from various species but lower identity level (^58%) with other neurotrophin ami ...
.... _ ACKNOWLEDGMENT !_ This monograph is based on the
... group. The animals were housed individually in wire-bottom hanging cages (to prevent hyperthermia-induced mortality) and allowed food and water ad libitum, At various times after the last dose, animals were anesthetized with pentobarbitail perfused intracardially with saline followed by 4 percent pa ...
... group. The animals were housed individually in wire-bottom hanging cages (to prevent hyperthermia-induced mortality) and allowed food and water ad libitum, At various times after the last dose, animals were anesthetized with pentobarbitail perfused intracardially with saline followed by 4 percent pa ...
Chapter 2 The Neural Bases of Learning and Memory
... The hindbrain is the most primitive brain region. It controls many of the cranial nerves and nuclei that send impulses to and from the spinal cord and cranial nerves. Some of the most basic behaviors, like respiration, sleep and wakefulness, circulation, heart activity, and fine coordination of mov ...
... The hindbrain is the most primitive brain region. It controls many of the cranial nerves and nuclei that send impulses to and from the spinal cord and cranial nerves. Some of the most basic behaviors, like respiration, sleep and wakefulness, circulation, heart activity, and fine coordination of mov ...
GABA transporters in the mammalian cerebral cortex - LIRA-Lab
... The extracellular levels of g-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian cerebral cortex, are regulated by specific high-affinity, Na+/Cl dependent transporters. Four distinct genes encoding GABA transporters (GATs), named GAT-1, GAT-2, GAT-3, and BGT-1 have bee ...
... The extracellular levels of g-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian cerebral cortex, are regulated by specific high-affinity, Na+/Cl dependent transporters. Four distinct genes encoding GABA transporters (GATs), named GAT-1, GAT-2, GAT-3, and BGT-1 have bee ...
powerpoint lecture
... – Cerebral cortex of gray matter superficially – White matter internally – Basal nuclei deep within white matter ...
... – Cerebral cortex of gray matter superficially – White matter internally – Basal nuclei deep within white matter ...
1. Materials and Methods
... these statements seem trivial, understanding what brain mechanisms reside behind the brain’s capacity to extract a single meaning – ‘knocking’ – from such different modalities is far from trivial. The ventral premotor cortex (area F5, Fig. 1A) of the monkey contains a class of neurons called ‘audiov ...
... these statements seem trivial, understanding what brain mechanisms reside behind the brain’s capacity to extract a single meaning – ‘knocking’ – from such different modalities is far from trivial. The ventral premotor cortex (area F5, Fig. 1A) of the monkey contains a class of neurons called ‘audiov ...
Comparison of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions
... chemoreceptors, are distributed throughout the body. Mechanoreceptors sense pressure, stretch, or tension. Slow-adapting mechanoreceptors sense fullness in the bowel, bladder, and stomach. Fast-adapting mechanoreceptors sense the movement in the lungs and arteries. The second receptor type, chemorec ...
... chemoreceptors, are distributed throughout the body. Mechanoreceptors sense pressure, stretch, or tension. Slow-adapting mechanoreceptors sense fullness in the bowel, bladder, and stomach. Fast-adapting mechanoreceptors sense the movement in the lungs and arteries. The second receptor type, chemorec ...
Biology and Behavior
... • The central nervous systems consists of the neurons of the spinal cord and the brain. • The spinal cord is a column of nerves about as thick as a thumb that extends from the brain down the back. • The spinal cord transmits messages between the brain and the muscles and glands in the body. • The sp ...
... • The central nervous systems consists of the neurons of the spinal cord and the brain. • The spinal cord is a column of nerves about as thick as a thumb that extends from the brain down the back. • The spinal cord transmits messages between the brain and the muscles and glands in the body. • The sp ...
Branched thalamic afferents - the Sherman Lab
... The role of branched axons in defining what exactly is happening in the brain during a sensory experience forms the subject of this essay. It is an important problem because essentially all of the axons that carry messages to the thalamus for relay to the cortex come from branched axons comparable t ...
... The role of branched axons in defining what exactly is happening in the brain during a sensory experience forms the subject of this essay. It is an important problem because essentially all of the axons that carry messages to the thalamus for relay to the cortex come from branched axons comparable t ...
FREE Sample Here
... 6. In a neuron, the axon _______________________, and the dendrite ___________________________. a. synthesizes neurotransmitters; receives signals from other neurons b. conducts information to other neurons; generates action potentials c. generates action potentials; receives signals from other neur ...
... 6. In a neuron, the axon _______________________, and the dendrite ___________________________. a. synthesizes neurotransmitters; receives signals from other neurons b. conducts information to other neurons; generates action potentials c. generates action potentials; receives signals from other neur ...
Central mechanisms regulating coordinated cardiovascular and
... clearly identify the particular neurons and pathways that mediate stress-evoked increases in arterial pressure, sympathetic activity, and respiratory activity. Furthermore, c-Fos expression occurs only after sustained stimulation of neurons and so this method cannot be used to identify cell populati ...
... clearly identify the particular neurons and pathways that mediate stress-evoked increases in arterial pressure, sympathetic activity, and respiratory activity. Furthermore, c-Fos expression occurs only after sustained stimulation of neurons and so this method cannot be used to identify cell populati ...
New Insights on Neural Basis of Choice
... more often than one might think. Although making choices sounds like a straight-forward process, the opposite seems to be true. Decision making is a complex neural process involving many aspects such as action and perception, valuation and learning, which implies a heavy interaction and cooperation ...
... more often than one might think. Although making choices sounds like a straight-forward process, the opposite seems to be true. Decision making is a complex neural process involving many aspects such as action and perception, valuation and learning, which implies a heavy interaction and cooperation ...
Sympathetic nervous system and inflammation: A conceptual view
... attention, arousal, sleep/wakefulness, and circadian timing (state). The three general input systems to the motor systems communicate bidirectionally with each other (upper part of the figure). Integral components of behavior are sensations, affective– motivational processes and cognitive processes w ...
... attention, arousal, sleep/wakefulness, and circadian timing (state). The three general input systems to the motor systems communicate bidirectionally with each other (upper part of the figure). Integral components of behavior are sensations, affective– motivational processes and cognitive processes w ...
Nucleus Basalis and Thalamic Control of Neocortical Activity in the
... projection originated from the brain stem and extended to or through the thalamus (Shute and Lewis, 1967). Experimental data accumulated over the last several years indicate, however, that there is no projection from the RT to the cerebral cortex (Jones, 1985) and that the RT may play a crucial role ...
... projection originated from the brain stem and extended to or through the thalamus (Shute and Lewis, 1967). Experimental data accumulated over the last several years indicate, however, that there is no projection from the RT to the cerebral cortex (Jones, 1985) and that the RT may play a crucial role ...
Lab 5: Nervous System I
... bundles of axons called nerve tracts. • These axons are usually myelinated and so they have a white appearance and are called “white matter.” – White matter is made up of ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) nerve tracts of myelinated axons • Near the center of the cord is an area called the g ...
... bundles of axons called nerve tracts. • These axons are usually myelinated and so they have a white appearance and are called “white matter.” – White matter is made up of ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) nerve tracts of myelinated axons • Near the center of the cord is an area called the g ...
Chapter 18
... a. posterior or dorsal root contains sensory nerve fibers which transmit nerve impulses from the periphery into the spinal cord; it has an enlargement called the posterior or dorsal root ganglion which contains the cell bodies of the sensory neurons b. anterior or ventral root contains motor neuron ...
... a. posterior or dorsal root contains sensory nerve fibers which transmit nerve impulses from the periphery into the spinal cord; it has an enlargement called the posterior or dorsal root ganglion which contains the cell bodies of the sensory neurons b. anterior or ventral root contains motor neuron ...
Imitation, Empathy, and Mirror Neurons
... versus robotic motion. A typical finding is that humans imitate more quickly the movements of another human compared to the movements of a robot. This effect, however, may be simply because humans tend to interact more with other humans than with robots. Indeed, subjects who were trained to execute h ...
... versus robotic motion. A typical finding is that humans imitate more quickly the movements of another human compared to the movements of a robot. This effect, however, may be simply because humans tend to interact more with other humans than with robots. Indeed, subjects who were trained to execute h ...
How is Epilepsy Diagnosed?
... means "to seize upon", "to attack". Thus epilepsy is a seizure or rather a disease which causes seizures to occur. As, however, there are many very different types of seizure, it is better to speak of epilepsies. Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder marked by involuntary, recurrent seizures th ...
... means "to seize upon", "to attack". Thus epilepsy is a seizure or rather a disease which causes seizures to occur. As, however, there are many very different types of seizure, it is better to speak of epilepsies. Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder marked by involuntary, recurrent seizures th ...
Cetacean Brain Evolution: Dwarf Sperm Whale (Kogia sima) and
... cranial nerves in most odontocetes; here, it might comprise several times more axons than in the human [cf. Oelschläger and Oelschläger, 2009]. Although the giant sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) has been investigated regarding the gross morphology of the adult brain by Ries and Langworthy [1937 ...
... cranial nerves in most odontocetes; here, it might comprise several times more axons than in the human [cf. Oelschläger and Oelschläger, 2009]. Although the giant sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) has been investigated regarding the gross morphology of the adult brain by Ries and Langworthy [1937 ...
Imitation, Empathy, and Mirror Neurons
... versus robotic motion. A typical finding is that humans imitate more quickly the movements of another human compared to the movements of a robot. This effect, however, may be simply because humans tend to interact more with other humans than with robots. Indeed, subjects who were trained to execute h ...
... versus robotic motion. A typical finding is that humans imitate more quickly the movements of another human compared to the movements of a robot. This effect, however, may be simply because humans tend to interact more with other humans than with robots. Indeed, subjects who were trained to execute h ...
Anatomical Changes in Human Motor Cortex and Motor Pathways
... These cerebellar changes are surprising given that unlike the primary motor and sensory cortices, which have direct connections with the injured region, that is, the spinal cord; the bulk of superior cerebellar cortex connections are with the brainstem and cerebral cortex. This indicates that second ...
... These cerebellar changes are surprising given that unlike the primary motor and sensory cortices, which have direct connections with the injured region, that is, the spinal cord; the bulk of superior cerebellar cortex connections are with the brainstem and cerebral cortex. This indicates that second ...
Efferent connections of the parabigeminal nucleus to the amygdala
... retrogradely transported to the cells of origin of the afferent pathways of the central Am nucleus in numerous regions (Usunoff et al., 2006), among those also the Pbg. The Pbg–Am connection is bilateral (Figs. 1c, d). On the ipsilateral side, the Pbg–Am neurons are concentrated in the central porti ...
... retrogradely transported to the cells of origin of the afferent pathways of the central Am nucleus in numerous regions (Usunoff et al., 2006), among those also the Pbg. The Pbg–Am connection is bilateral (Figs. 1c, d). On the ipsilateral side, the Pbg–Am neurons are concentrated in the central porti ...
Microstructure of the neocortex: Comparative aspects
... the evolution of the vertebrate brain. One of the fundamental questions in neuroscience is what is special about the neocortex of humans and how does it differ from that of other species? It is clear that distinct cortical areas show important differences within both the same and different species, ...
... the evolution of the vertebrate brain. One of the fundamental questions in neuroscience is what is special about the neocortex of humans and how does it differ from that of other species? It is clear that distinct cortical areas show important differences within both the same and different species, ...
Imitation, Empathy, and Mirror Neurons
... versus robotic motion. A typical finding is that humans imitate more quickly the movements of another human compared to the movements of a robot. This effect, however, may be simply because humans tend to interact more with other humans than with robots. Indeed, subjects who were trained to execute h ...
... versus robotic motion. A typical finding is that humans imitate more quickly the movements of another human compared to the movements of a robot. This effect, however, may be simply because humans tend to interact more with other humans than with robots. Indeed, subjects who were trained to execute h ...
Brain
The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. Only a few invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts and starfish do not have a brain; diffuse or localised nerve nets are present instead. The brain is located in the head, usually close to the primary sensory organs for such senses as vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell. The brain is the most complex organ in a vertebrate's body. In a typical human, the cerebral cortex (the largest part) is estimated to contain 15–33 billion neurons, each connected by synapses to several thousand other neurons. These neurons communicate with one another by means of long protoplasmic fibers called axons, which carry trains of signal pulses called action potentials to distant parts of the brain or body targeting specific recipient cells.Physiologically, the function of the brain is to exert centralized control over the other organs of the body. The brain acts on the rest of the body both by generating patterns of muscle activity and by driving the secretion of chemicals called hormones. This centralized control allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment. Some basic types of responsiveness such as reflexes can be mediated by the spinal cord or peripheral ganglia, but sophisticated purposeful control of behavior based on complex sensory input requires the information integrating capabilities of a centralized brain.The operations of individual brain cells are now understood in considerable detail but the way they cooperate in ensembles of millions is yet to be solved. Recent models in modern neuroscience treat the brain as a biological computer, very different in mechanism from an electronic computer, but similar in the sense that it acquires information from the surrounding world, stores it, and processes it in a variety of ways, analogous to the central processing unit (CPU) in a computer.This article compares the properties of brains across the entire range of animal species, with the greatest attention to vertebrates. It deals with the human brain insofar as it shares the properties of other brains. The ways in which the human brain differs from other brains are covered in the human brain article. Several topics that might be covered here are instead covered there because much more can be said about them in a human context. The most important is brain disease and the effects of brain damage, covered in the human brain article because the most common diseases of the human brain either do not show up in other species, or else manifest themselves in different ways.