The Octopus: A Model for a Comparative Analysis of the Evolution of
... vertical lobe (VL), the highest in the central brain hierarchy, resembles the vertebrate hippocampus, both in its involvement in learning and memory and in its morphological organization (see below). If these architectural similarities are the outcome of convergent evolutionary processes, they may h ...
... vertical lobe (VL), the highest in the central brain hierarchy, resembles the vertebrate hippocampus, both in its involvement in learning and memory and in its morphological organization (see below). If these architectural similarities are the outcome of convergent evolutionary processes, they may h ...
Basal Ganglia Functional Connectivity Based on
... a specific set of motor or cognitive tasks, depending on the cortical area that belongs to it. Modifications of this model and further subdivisions of specific loops have been proposed (Fig. 1B) (Lawrence and others 1998; Nakano and others 2000). Other investigators have divided the striatum into 3 fun ...
... a specific set of motor or cognitive tasks, depending on the cortical area that belongs to it. Modifications of this model and further subdivisions of specific loops have been proposed (Fig. 1B) (Lawrence and others 1998; Nakano and others 2000). Other investigators have divided the striatum into 3 fun ...
Development of GAP-43 mRNA in the macaque cerebral cortex
... cerebral cortex of developing macaque monkeys. In four areas, i.e., the prefrontal area ŽFDD ., the temporal association area ŽTE., the primary somatosensory area ŽPC., and the primary visual area ŽOC., the amount of GAP-43 mRNA was measured from the intermediate fetal period wembryonic day 120 ŽE12 ...
... cerebral cortex of developing macaque monkeys. In four areas, i.e., the prefrontal area ŽFDD ., the temporal association area ŽTE., the primary somatosensory area ŽPC., and the primary visual area ŽOC., the amount of GAP-43 mRNA was measured from the intermediate fetal period wembryonic day 120 ŽE12 ...
Grasping the Intentions of Others with One`s Own Mirror Neuron
... of the Context clip compared to rest yielded signal increases in largely similar cortical areas, with the notable exceptions of the superior temporal sulcus (STS) region and inferior parietal lobule. The STS region is known to respond to biological motion [28,29], and the absence of the grasping act ...
... of the Context clip compared to rest yielded signal increases in largely similar cortical areas, with the notable exceptions of the superior temporal sulcus (STS) region and inferior parietal lobule. The STS region is known to respond to biological motion [28,29], and the absence of the grasping act ...
The Evolution of Neuron Types and Cortical
... the structure in question becomes proportionally smaller or less numerous with increases in the size of the reference variable. The microanatomical organization of the cerebral cortex revealed by staining for biochemical substances using techniques such as immunohistochemistry and enzyme or lectin h ...
... the structure in question becomes proportionally smaller or less numerous with increases in the size of the reference variable. The microanatomical organization of the cerebral cortex revealed by staining for biochemical substances using techniques such as immunohistochemistry and enzyme or lectin h ...
PDF
... Pyramidal neurons located in upper layers of the primate prefrontal cortex also provide rich intracortical projections. From large layer III pyramids 80% of synaptic output belongs to local connections coming from axonal side branches (Melchitzky and Lewis, 2003). They extend several millimeters aro ...
... Pyramidal neurons located in upper layers of the primate prefrontal cortex also provide rich intracortical projections. From large layer III pyramids 80% of synaptic output belongs to local connections coming from axonal side branches (Melchitzky and Lewis, 2003). They extend several millimeters aro ...
Full-Text PDF
... the anterior half (segments 1–4) of the corpus callosum (CC), a dense bundle of WM fibres responsible for inter-hemispheric communication and connecting brain areas including the premotor, supplementary motor and motor cortices, was significantly larger in professional musicians (n = 30) compared wi ...
... the anterior half (segments 1–4) of the corpus callosum (CC), a dense bundle of WM fibres responsible for inter-hemispheric communication and connecting brain areas including the premotor, supplementary motor and motor cortices, was significantly larger in professional musicians (n = 30) compared wi ...
The organization of the cortical motor system: new concepts
... A modern parcellation of the agranular frontal cortex (motor cortex) of the macaque monkey is shown in Fig. 1. The subdivision is based on cytoarchitectural and histochemical data (Matelli et al., 1985, 1991). F1 basically corresponds to area 4 of Brodmann (1909), the other areas are subdivsions of ...
... A modern parcellation of the agranular frontal cortex (motor cortex) of the macaque monkey is shown in Fig. 1. The subdivision is based on cytoarchitectural and histochemical data (Matelli et al., 1985, 1991). F1 basically corresponds to area 4 of Brodmann (1909), the other areas are subdivsions of ...
Sample Chapter 8 from the Textbook
... (figure 8.6). Each oligodendrocyte process or Schwann cell repeatedly wraps around a segment of an axon to form a series of tightly wrapped cell membranes. A typical small nerve, which consists of axons of multiple neurons, usually contains more unmyelinated than myelinated axons. Myelin is an excel ...
... (figure 8.6). Each oligodendrocyte process or Schwann cell repeatedly wraps around a segment of an axon to form a series of tightly wrapped cell membranes. A typical small nerve, which consists of axons of multiple neurons, usually contains more unmyelinated than myelinated axons. Myelin is an excel ...
Disruption of the Blood-Brain Barrier and Neuronal Cell Death in
... stress and vehicle; (iii) chemicals alone; and (iv) vehicle alone. All animals were evaluated for: (i) the disruption of the blood– brain barrier (BBB) using intravenous horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections and endothelial barrier antigen (EBA) immunostaining; (ii) neuronal cell death using H&E s ...
... stress and vehicle; (iii) chemicals alone; and (iv) vehicle alone. All animals were evaluated for: (i) the disruption of the blood– brain barrier (BBB) using intravenous horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections and endothelial barrier antigen (EBA) immunostaining; (ii) neuronal cell death using H&E s ...
Anatomical organization of the central olfactory
... Nature has evolved a variety of sensory modalities that give external input an internal interpretation. Some have shown to be more prevalent than others across organisms. The fact that all organisms are capable of responding to chemicals in the environment says something profoundly. In general, the ...
... Nature has evolved a variety of sensory modalities that give external input an internal interpretation. Some have shown to be more prevalent than others across organisms. The fact that all organisms are capable of responding to chemicals in the environment says something profoundly. In general, the ...
FROM MOTIVATION TO ACTION - The University of Texas at Dallas
... 1910; Shik and Orlovsky, 1976; Dubner et al., 1978). Higher CNS structures including the basal ganglia, the cerebellum and the motor cortex represent a higher level of integration in the hierarchy (Fig. 3). These structures exert control over the brain stem and spinal cord and their contribution to ...
... 1910; Shik and Orlovsky, 1976; Dubner et al., 1978). Higher CNS structures including the basal ganglia, the cerebellum and the motor cortex represent a higher level of integration in the hierarchy (Fig. 3). These structures exert control over the brain stem and spinal cord and their contribution to ...
Document
... • a compound synthesized from histidine, an amino acid • You are undoubtedly aware that antihistamines, which are used to treat allergies, can cause drowsiness. • They do so by blocking histamine H 1 receptors in the brain. More modern antihistamines cannot cross the blood–brain barrier, so they do ...
... • a compound synthesized from histidine, an amino acid • You are undoubtedly aware that antihistamines, which are used to treat allergies, can cause drowsiness. • They do so by blocking histamine H 1 receptors in the brain. More modern antihistamines cannot cross the blood–brain barrier, so they do ...
Brain Res Bull. 2002, 58:529-39
... and an interior layer that is medullary3 and fibrous. In the inferior part of the interior layer there are some fibrous fascia, white, composed of many slender fibers (Figure 6d) that disperse like a fan ...
... and an interior layer that is medullary3 and fibrous. In the inferior part of the interior layer there are some fibrous fascia, white, composed of many slender fibers (Figure 6d) that disperse like a fan ...
THE NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION Ralph F
... Dorsal to the cerebral aqueduct is the midbrain tectum which contains the nuclei of the superior and inferior colliculi (the four together creating the “quadrigeminal plate”). The superior colliculi are slightly higher (more rostral) than the CN IV nuclei, and the inferior colliculi are slightly low ...
... Dorsal to the cerebral aqueduct is the midbrain tectum which contains the nuclei of the superior and inferior colliculi (the four together creating the “quadrigeminal plate”). The superior colliculi are slightly higher (more rostral) than the CN IV nuclei, and the inferior colliculi are slightly low ...
23. Chordates
... distant sites in the embryo. the margins of the embryonic folds that form the neural tube. ...
... distant sites in the embryo. the margins of the embryonic folds that form the neural tube. ...
fluctuations in somatosensory responsiveness and baseline firing
... administered in the second group of experiments (N⫽30 neurons). In the third group, injection manipulations with the empty device on the rat’s head were simulated (N⫽24 neurons). The latter two groups did not statistically differ from each other in any parameter, which made it possible to combine th ...
... administered in the second group of experiments (N⫽30 neurons). In the third group, injection manipulations with the empty device on the rat’s head were simulated (N⫽24 neurons). The latter two groups did not statistically differ from each other in any parameter, which made it possible to combine th ...
Chordates
... distant sites in the embryo. the margins of the embryonic folds that form the neural tube. ...
... distant sites in the embryo. the margins of the embryonic folds that form the neural tube. ...
A Guided Tour of the HUMAN BRAIN
... Does a bigger brain mean you are smarter? The debate is still on. It seems that the higher brain to body mass an animal has, the smarter it is. Einstein's overall brain was a normal size, but the specific portion known for spatial intelligence was wider and had a unique anatomy. ...
... Does a bigger brain mean you are smarter? The debate is still on. It seems that the higher brain to body mass an animal has, the smarter it is. Einstein's overall brain was a normal size, but the specific portion known for spatial intelligence was wider and had a unique anatomy. ...
23. Chordates
... distant sites in the embryo. the margins of the embryonic folds that form the neural tube. ...
... distant sites in the embryo. the margins of the embryonic folds that form the neural tube. ...
BRAIN DYNAMICS AT MULTIPLE SCALES: CAN ONE RECONCILE
... Dynamics in Brain Activity The above results are consistent with the idea that awake brain activity may be associated with high-dimensional dynamics, perhaps analogous to a stochastic system. To further investigate this aspect, we have examined data from animal experiments in which both microscopic ...
... Dynamics in Brain Activity The above results are consistent with the idea that awake brain activity may be associated with high-dimensional dynamics, perhaps analogous to a stochastic system. To further investigate this aspect, we have examined data from animal experiments in which both microscopic ...
Developmental mechanics of the primate cerebral cortex
... we illustrate the substantial impact of mechanical forces on the development, morphology, and functioning of the primate cerebral cortex. Based on the analysis of quantitative structural data for prefrontal cortices of the adult rhesus monkey, we demonstrate that (1) the characteristic shape of cort ...
... we illustrate the substantial impact of mechanical forces on the development, morphology, and functioning of the primate cerebral cortex. Based on the analysis of quantitative structural data for prefrontal cortices of the adult rhesus monkey, we demonstrate that (1) the characteristic shape of cort ...
Gross Anatomy
... Changes in the architecture of the ASPM protein over the last 18 million years are correlated with a steady increase in the size of the cerebral cortex (2002) Dr. Bruce T. Lahn at U. Chicago. A disrupted form of this gene was identified as the cause of microcephaly (people born with an abnormally sm ...
... Changes in the architecture of the ASPM protein over the last 18 million years are correlated with a steady increase in the size of the cerebral cortex (2002) Dr. Bruce T. Lahn at U. Chicago. A disrupted form of this gene was identified as the cause of microcephaly (people born with an abnormally sm ...
Neurons in the corpus callosum of the cat during postnatal
... Neurons in the corpus callosum of the cat all ages, the morphological characteristics of MAP2-positive cells were very variable; some cells exhibited short and poorly rami®ed processes, while others had well developed ones (Fig. 2C±E). Different morphological types were observed, pyramidal-like neu ...
... Neurons in the corpus callosum of the cat all ages, the morphological characteristics of MAP2-positive cells were very variable; some cells exhibited short and poorly rami®ed processes, while others had well developed ones (Fig. 2C±E). Different morphological types were observed, pyramidal-like neu ...
Brain
The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. Only a few invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts and starfish do not have a brain; diffuse or localised nerve nets are present instead. The brain is located in the head, usually close to the primary sensory organs for such senses as vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell. The brain is the most complex organ in a vertebrate's body. In a typical human, the cerebral cortex (the largest part) is estimated to contain 15–33 billion neurons, each connected by synapses to several thousand other neurons. These neurons communicate with one another by means of long protoplasmic fibers called axons, which carry trains of signal pulses called action potentials to distant parts of the brain or body targeting specific recipient cells.Physiologically, the function of the brain is to exert centralized control over the other organs of the body. The brain acts on the rest of the body both by generating patterns of muscle activity and by driving the secretion of chemicals called hormones. This centralized control allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment. Some basic types of responsiveness such as reflexes can be mediated by the spinal cord or peripheral ganglia, but sophisticated purposeful control of behavior based on complex sensory input requires the information integrating capabilities of a centralized brain.The operations of individual brain cells are now understood in considerable detail but the way they cooperate in ensembles of millions is yet to be solved. Recent models in modern neuroscience treat the brain as a biological computer, very different in mechanism from an electronic computer, but similar in the sense that it acquires information from the surrounding world, stores it, and processes it in a variety of ways, analogous to the central processing unit (CPU) in a computer.This article compares the properties of brains across the entire range of animal species, with the greatest attention to vertebrates. It deals with the human brain insofar as it shares the properties of other brains. The ways in which the human brain differs from other brains are covered in the human brain article. Several topics that might be covered here are instead covered there because much more can be said about them in a human context. The most important is brain disease and the effects of brain damage, covered in the human brain article because the most common diseases of the human brain either do not show up in other species, or else manifest themselves in different ways.