Ch. 14 CNS textbook
... the wider of the two grooves—a useful factor to remember when you examine spinal cord diagrams. It enables you to tell at a glance which part of the cord is anterior and which is posterior. Two bundles of nerve fibers called nerve roots project from each side of the spinal cord (see Figure 13-6). Fi ...
... the wider of the two grooves—a useful factor to remember when you examine spinal cord diagrams. It enables you to tell at a glance which part of the cord is anterior and which is posterior. Two bundles of nerve fibers called nerve roots project from each side of the spinal cord (see Figure 13-6). Fi ...
RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology (CDB)
... anterior shift (green: OSNs expressing MOR29B, one type of OR; scale bar 500 μm). Right: Cross-section of olfactory bulb viewed from front. Nrp1-positive axons normally targeted to the posterior were mistargeted to anterior. Nrp-positive and -negative axons were jumbled and formed small glomerular-l ...
... anterior shift (green: OSNs expressing MOR29B, one type of OR; scale bar 500 μm). Right: Cross-section of olfactory bulb viewed from front. Nrp1-positive axons normally targeted to the posterior were mistargeted to anterior. Nrp-positive and -negative axons were jumbled and formed small glomerular-l ...
The Role of Selective Transport in Neuronal Protein
... In the case of TfR-GFP, accumulation of GFP fluorescence in the dendritic plasma membrane was not obvious. The staining pattern remained predominantly punctate even at late times after the onset of expression. This is not surprising, since TfR recycles rapidly between the plasma membrane and endosom ...
... In the case of TfR-GFP, accumulation of GFP fluorescence in the dendritic plasma membrane was not obvious. The staining pattern remained predominantly punctate even at late times after the onset of expression. This is not surprising, since TfR recycles rapidly between the plasma membrane and endosom ...
autonomic nervous system
... • Myelin does not cover the entire length of any axon; it is interrupted by what are called nodes of Ranvier. • A nerve impulse “jumps” successively from one node of Ranvier to the next, resulting in transmission that is up to 100 times faster than neural impulses on unmeylinated axons. Copyright © ...
... • Myelin does not cover the entire length of any axon; it is interrupted by what are called nodes of Ranvier. • A nerve impulse “jumps” successively from one node of Ranvier to the next, resulting in transmission that is up to 100 times faster than neural impulses on unmeylinated axons. Copyright © ...
Neural Syntax: Cell Assemblies, Synapsembles, and
... I suggest that an objective identification of the cell assembly requires two key conditions: a reader-classifier and a temporal frame. Neurons come together in transient time frames to produce a composite downstream effect, which cannot be achieved by single neurons alone. The most important modus o ...
... I suggest that an objective identification of the cell assembly requires two key conditions: a reader-classifier and a temporal frame. Neurons come together in transient time frames to produce a composite downstream effect, which cannot be achieved by single neurons alone. The most important modus o ...
The Isotropic Fractionator: A Fast, Reliable Method to Determine
... 10–30 min of grinding. To check for remaining tissue fragments, raise the homogenizer against the light, with the piston fully inserted, and look for small specks of tissue while gently rotating the piston. When no more specks are visible, proceed to the next step. 11. Wash the walls of the homogen ...
... 10–30 min of grinding. To check for remaining tissue fragments, raise the homogenizer against the light, with the piston fully inserted, and look for small specks of tissue while gently rotating the piston. When no more specks are visible, proceed to the next step. 11. Wash the walls of the homogen ...
Rebuilding Brain Circuitry with Living Micro
... Prominent neuropathology following trauma, stroke, and various neurodegenerative diseases includes neuronal degeneration as well as loss of long-distance axonal connections. While cell replacement and axonal pathfinding strategies are often explored independently, there is no strategy capable of sim ...
... Prominent neuropathology following trauma, stroke, and various neurodegenerative diseases includes neuronal degeneration as well as loss of long-distance axonal connections. While cell replacement and axonal pathfinding strategies are often explored independently, there is no strategy capable of sim ...
Generation of Rapid Eye Movements during Paradoxical Sleep in
... Although rapid eye movements (REMs) are a prominent feature of paradoxical sleep (PS), their origin and functional significance remain poorly understood in humans. In animals, including nonhuman primates, REMs during PS are closely related to the occurrence of the so-called PGO waves, i.e., prominen ...
... Although rapid eye movements (REMs) are a prominent feature of paradoxical sleep (PS), their origin and functional significance remain poorly understood in humans. In animals, including nonhuman primates, REMs during PS are closely related to the occurrence of the so-called PGO waves, i.e., prominen ...
Transgenic expression of ZBP1 in neurons suppresses cocaine-associated conditioning
... contribute to the molecular changes that lead to long-term synaptic plasticity (Kourrich et al. 2007). In response to a single dose of cocaine, mRNA levels for IEGs fos, jun, and zif268, which encode transcription factors, are increased and these increases are potentiated with repeated dosage (Hope ...
... contribute to the molecular changes that lead to long-term synaptic plasticity (Kourrich et al. 2007). In response to a single dose of cocaine, mRNA levels for IEGs fos, jun, and zif268, which encode transcription factors, are increased and these increases are potentiated with repeated dosage (Hope ...
A Self-Organizing Neural Network for Contour Integration through Synchronized Firing
... Contour integration in low-level vision is believed to occur based on lateral interaction between neurons with similar orientation tuning. The exact neural mechanisms underlying such interactions, and their developmental origins, are not well understood. This paper suggests through computational sim ...
... Contour integration in low-level vision is believed to occur based on lateral interaction between neurons with similar orientation tuning. The exact neural mechanisms underlying such interactions, and their developmental origins, are not well understood. This paper suggests through computational sim ...
The Red Nucleus: Past, Present, and Future
... the rubrospinal pathway appears to be ceding to the corticospinal tract as the primary motor pathway in bipeds – perhaps at least partially explaining the size decrease in RNm. In consideration of the RNp, Donkelaar [1] correlated levels of connectivity of the RN in terrestrial vertebrates to develo ...
... the rubrospinal pathway appears to be ceding to the corticospinal tract as the primary motor pathway in bipeds – perhaps at least partially explaining the size decrease in RNm. In consideration of the RNp, Donkelaar [1] correlated levels of connectivity of the RN in terrestrial vertebrates to develo ...
What is a Neural Network?
... • Nonlinearity: Neurons can be linear or nonlinear. Nonlinearity also comes from the networking. This is an important property particularly when we are working on nonlinear problems. • Input-Output mapping: An ANN learns how to map inputs to outputs from examples. This is similar to nonparametric st ...
... • Nonlinearity: Neurons can be linear or nonlinear. Nonlinearity also comes from the networking. This is an important property particularly when we are working on nonlinear problems. • Input-Output mapping: An ANN learns how to map inputs to outputs from examples. This is similar to nonparametric st ...
Region-specific effects of hypothyroidism on the relative expression
... expression of TRs in adult rat cerebral hemispheres is affected by altered neural activity in an isoform-specific manner, indicating thus that each TR isoform contributes to different physiological response of adult rat brain to TH [33, 34]. Furthermore, these studies showed that the intacellular th ...
... expression of TRs in adult rat cerebral hemispheres is affected by altered neural activity in an isoform-specific manner, indicating thus that each TR isoform contributes to different physiological response of adult rat brain to TH [33, 34]. Furthermore, these studies showed that the intacellular th ...
DECODING NEURONAL FIRING AND MODELING NEURAL
... Malenka & Nicoll, 1993) and depression (LTD) (Artola & Singer; 1993). Thus, it makes more sense to study the effect of synaptic changes than of synaptic values. Synaptic learning rules (see section 8) based on or inspired by LTP and LTD data can be used to compute the changes in synaptic strengths t ...
... Malenka & Nicoll, 1993) and depression (LTD) (Artola & Singer; 1993). Thus, it makes more sense to study the effect of synaptic changes than of synaptic values. Synaptic learning rules (see section 8) based on or inspired by LTP and LTD data can be used to compute the changes in synaptic strengths t ...
Insect Bio-inspired Neural Network Provides New Evidence on How
... of honeybees. These models, using just four large-field visual input neurons from each eye that sparsely connect to a single layer of interneurons within the bee brain learning centres, are able to discriminate complex achromatic patterns without the need for an internal image representation. One mo ...
... of honeybees. These models, using just four large-field visual input neurons from each eye that sparsely connect to a single layer of interneurons within the bee brain learning centres, are able to discriminate complex achromatic patterns without the need for an internal image representation. One mo ...
21 June 2001
... and humans. The STG is located at the transition between the two major pathways of cortical visual processing, the 'what' and 'where' systems, respectively18. The STG is known to receive polysensory input from both streams thus representing a site of multimodal sensory convergence19-22. Our finding ...
... and humans. The STG is located at the transition between the two major pathways of cortical visual processing, the 'what' and 'where' systems, respectively18. The STG is known to receive polysensory input from both streams thus representing a site of multimodal sensory convergence19-22. Our finding ...
Generation and Application of Bessel Beams in Electron Microscopy
... Beyond the examples mainly focused on vortex beams, relatively little work has been done with a view to shaping electron beams using holographic elements [5][8][9], and still less with reference to specific practical applications. This is not to suggest that this area is entirely unexplored; studies ...
... Beyond the examples mainly focused on vortex beams, relatively little work has been done with a view to shaping electron beams using holographic elements [5][8][9], and still less with reference to specific practical applications. This is not to suggest that this area is entirely unexplored; studies ...
Evidence of a Specific Spinal Pathway for the Sense of Warmth in
... conduction distance along the primary sensory neuron, we directed CO2-laser pulses to the skin overlying the vertebral spinous processes. Using brain source analysis of the evoked responses with highresolution electroencephalography and a realistic model of the head based on individual magnetic reso ...
... conduction distance along the primary sensory neuron, we directed CO2-laser pulses to the skin overlying the vertebral spinous processes. Using brain source analysis of the evoked responses with highresolution electroencephalography and a realistic model of the head based on individual magnetic reso ...
The Architecture Of Event Memory
... protagonist. The result of event (or sub-event) completion would be the creation of a record. In the second location, the children unloaded Truck A and then unloaded Truck B. Finally, both trucks were reloaded with different goods (cupboards, people, food and boxes were used) after which the childre ...
... protagonist. The result of event (or sub-event) completion would be the creation of a record. In the second location, the children unloaded Truck A and then unloaded Truck B. Finally, both trucks were reloaded with different goods (cupboards, people, food and boxes were used) after which the childre ...
Evidence of a Specific Spinal Pathway for the
... conduction distance along the primary sensory neuron, we directed CO2-laser pulses to the skin overlying the vertebral spinous processes. Using brain source analysis of the evoked responses with highresolution electroencephalography and a realistic model of the head based on individual magnetic reso ...
... conduction distance along the primary sensory neuron, we directed CO2-laser pulses to the skin overlying the vertebral spinous processes. Using brain source analysis of the evoked responses with highresolution electroencephalography and a realistic model of the head based on individual magnetic reso ...
Actor-Critic Models of Reinforcement Learning in the Basal Ganglia
... Schultz’s work on the electrophysiology of dopamine neurons in monkeys showed that dopamine patterns of release are similar to the TD learning rule (see Schultz, 1998 for a review). Besides, the basal ganglia are a major input to dopamine neurons, and are also a privileged target of reinforcement si ...
... Schultz’s work on the electrophysiology of dopamine neurons in monkeys showed that dopamine patterns of release are similar to the TD learning rule (see Schultz, 1998 for a review). Besides, the basal ganglia are a major input to dopamine neurons, and are also a privileged target of reinforcement si ...
Information processing in a neuron ensemble with the multiplicative
... Fisher information increases without limit, when the effective range of correlation is very short or very long. These results are based on the simple additive noise correlation. Eurich and Wilke (2000) used the general multiplicative case and showed that the Fisher information increases proportional ...
... Fisher information increases without limit, when the effective range of correlation is very short or very long. These results are based on the simple additive noise correlation. Eurich and Wilke (2000) used the general multiplicative case and showed that the Fisher information increases proportional ...
Time-delay-induced phase-transition to synchrony in coupled
... to have significant effects in the ensemble activity of neurons. Thus, in modeling studies of neurons and networks, the influence of time delays on the ensemble activity has received a great deal of attention recently.4–16 In networks of coupled neurons, time delays have been shown to affect not onl ...
... to have significant effects in the ensemble activity of neurons. Thus, in modeling studies of neurons and networks, the influence of time delays on the ensemble activity has received a great deal of attention recently.4–16 In networks of coupled neurons, time delays have been shown to affect not onl ...