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V - USU Physics
V - USU Physics

... • Velocity is a vector and represents a bodies speed and direction. • A force must act on a body to change its velocity (i.e. its speed, direction or both). • The force causes the body to accelerate resulting in a change in its velocity. • Acceleration is a vector and represents the rate of change o ...
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2007 Pearson Prentice Hall This work is protected
2007 Pearson Prentice Hall This work is protected

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... Looking for any cluster of galaxies, as the Virgo cluster, which is the nearest rich cluster of galaxies, and use one of the galaxies as a measured unit in order to obtain the distances of other extragalactic clusters of galaxies. In this way, the Astronomers G. Abell and J. Eastmand compared the Vi ...
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Modified Newtonian dynamics



In physics, modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) is a theory that proposes a modification of Newton's laws to account for observed properties of galaxies. Created in 1983 by Israeli physicist Mordehai Milgrom, the theory's original motivation was to explain the fact that the velocities of stars in galaxies were observed to be larger than expected based on Newtonian mechanics. Milgrom noted that this discrepancy could be resolved if the gravitational force experienced by a star in the outer regions of a galaxy was proportional to the square of its centripetal acceleration (as opposed to the centripetal acceleration itself, as in Newton's Second Law), or alternatively if gravitational force came to vary inversely with radius (as opposed to the inverse square of the radius, as in Newton's Law of Gravity). In MOND, violation of Newton's Laws occurs at extremely small accelerations, characteristic of galaxies yet far below anything typically encountered in the Solar System or on Earth.MOND is an example of a class of theories known as modified gravity, and is an alternative to the hypothesis that the dynamics of galaxies are determined by massive, invisible dark matter halos. Since Milgrom's original proposal, MOND has successfully predicted a variety of galactic phenomena that are difficult to understand from a dark matter perspective. However, MOND and its generalisations do not adequately account for observed properties of galaxy clusters, and no satisfactory cosmological model has been constructed from the theory.
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