Mapping the Heparin-binding Sites on Type I Collagen Monomers
... may consist of a highly basic triple helical domain, including several amino acids known sometimes to function as disaccharide acceptor sites. We propose that the heparin-binding site of type I collagen may play a key role in cell adhesion and migration within connective tissues, or in the cell-dire ...
... may consist of a highly basic triple helical domain, including several amino acids known sometimes to function as disaccharide acceptor sites. We propose that the heparin-binding site of type I collagen may play a key role in cell adhesion and migration within connective tissues, or in the cell-dire ...
FOCAL ADHESION KINASE: IN COMMAND AND CONTROL OF
... ECM–integrin junctions that bring together cytoskeletal and signalling proteins during the processes of cell adhesion, spreading and migration. Early studies found that FAK could be activated by either ECM or growth factors, and that tyrosine phosphorylation of FAK was a rapid event that was associa ...
... ECM–integrin junctions that bring together cytoskeletal and signalling proteins during the processes of cell adhesion, spreading and migration. Early studies found that FAK could be activated by either ECM or growth factors, and that tyrosine phosphorylation of FAK was a rapid event that was associa ...
Cytoskeleton and Root Hair Growth
... initial interaction with microorganisms (Geitmann and Emons, 2000). The patterning of root trichoblasts varies between plant species and can also be regulated by environmental factors (Dolan and Costa, 2001). These genetic and environmental regulatory mechanisms have been studied intensively and wer ...
... initial interaction with microorganisms (Geitmann and Emons, 2000). The patterning of root trichoblasts varies between plant species and can also be regulated by environmental factors (Dolan and Costa, 2001). These genetic and environmental regulatory mechanisms have been studied intensively and wer ...
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... parathyroid glands, which are small endocrine glands in the neck that produce parathyroid hormone (PTH; see Glossary, Box 1) and are responsible for calcium homeostasis. The parathyroids are named for their proximity to the thyroid gland (see Glossary, Box 1), although the organs do not share the sa ...
... parathyroid glands, which are small endocrine glands in the neck that produce parathyroid hormone (PTH; see Glossary, Box 1) and are responsible for calcium homeostasis. The parathyroids are named for their proximity to the thyroid gland (see Glossary, Box 1), although the organs do not share the sa ...
Par3/Baz levels control epithelial folding at actomyosin
... E-cadherin are depleted (Bertet et al., 2004; Zallen and Wieschaus, 2004; Blankenship et al., 2006; Simoes Sde et al., 2010; Levayer et al., 2011). We had shown previously that F-actin and two reporters for Myosin II, MHC-GFP and MRLC-GFP, are enriched at PSBs at stage 10 (Monier et al., 2010). By q ...
... E-cadherin are depleted (Bertet et al., 2004; Zallen and Wieschaus, 2004; Blankenship et al., 2006; Simoes Sde et al., 2010; Levayer et al., 2011). We had shown previously that F-actin and two reporters for Myosin II, MHC-GFP and MRLC-GFP, are enriched at PSBs at stage 10 (Monier et al., 2010). By q ...
b-Arrestin1 and Distinct CXCR4 Structures Are Required for Stromal
... non-neuronal cell types. These studies have often implicated as a critical control region the carboxyl-terminal “tail” region of CXCR4 that spans approximately the amino acid residues 319–352. For example, in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) epithelial cells, the carboxyl-terminal region of CXCR4 ...
... non-neuronal cell types. These studies have often implicated as a critical control region the carboxyl-terminal “tail” region of CXCR4 that spans approximately the amino acid residues 319–352. For example, in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) epithelial cells, the carboxyl-terminal region of CXCR4 ...
A Receptor-Like Kinase Mediates Ammonium
... Ammonium (NH4+) is both a necessary nutrient and an important signal in plants, but can be toxic in excess. Ammonium sensing and regulatory mechanisms in plant cells have not been fully elucidated. To decipher the complex network of NH4+ signaling, we analyzed [Ca2+]cyt-associated protein kinase (CA ...
... Ammonium (NH4+) is both a necessary nutrient and an important signal in plants, but can be toxic in excess. Ammonium sensing and regulatory mechanisms in plant cells have not been fully elucidated. To decipher the complex network of NH4+ signaling, we analyzed [Ca2+]cyt-associated protein kinase (CA ...
Abscisic Acid Coordinates Nod Factor and Cytokinin Signaling
... In contrast with these plant hormones with positive functions in nodule inception, a number of plant hormones have been found to negatively regulate nodulation. Ethylene is the best characterized of these negative regulators, although jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid, and abscisic acid (ABA) have ...
... In contrast with these plant hormones with positive functions in nodule inception, a number of plant hormones have been found to negatively regulate nodulation. Ethylene is the best characterized of these negative regulators, although jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid, and abscisic acid (ABA) have ...
- Gastroenterology
... notable example is trypsinogen, which reaches the small intestine as precursor zymogen, is activated by brushborder enterokinase, and then acts as the master enzyme in activating other digestive proteases. A pivotal role of trypsin in the initiating events of pancreatitis can be assumed because tryp ...
... notable example is trypsinogen, which reaches the small intestine as precursor zymogen, is activated by brushborder enterokinase, and then acts as the master enzyme in activating other digestive proteases. A pivotal role of trypsin in the initiating events of pancreatitis can be assumed because tryp ...
EphA4 Receptor Forward Signaling Inhibits
... ephrin-A ligands. An unconjugated Fc fragment was used as a control for both treatments. At high glucose, ephrin-A5-Fc treatment inhibited insulin secretion and EphA5-Fc treatment enhanced insulin secretion as compared with Fc control (Fig. 1A). This is consistent with previously described experimen ...
... ephrin-A ligands. An unconjugated Fc fragment was used as a control for both treatments. At high glucose, ephrin-A5-Fc treatment inhibited insulin secretion and EphA5-Fc treatment enhanced insulin secretion as compared with Fc control (Fig. 1A). This is consistent with previously described experimen ...
Oxidative-stress-induced nuclear to cytoplasmic relocalization is
... Several mechanisms have been identified that regulate transcription factors themselves. For example, the yeast Rlm1p is activated through phosphorylation by the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) Slt2p (also known as Mpk1p) (Watanabe ...
... Several mechanisms have been identified that regulate transcription factors themselves. For example, the yeast Rlm1p is activated through phosphorylation by the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) Slt2p (also known as Mpk1p) (Watanabe ...
Post-Translational Modifications of the TAK1-TAB Complex
... CaMKII activates TAK1 remain unclear, although several studies have supported the importance of the TAK1-NLK axis in the regulation of Wnt signaling [39–41]. Hypoxia also induces TAK1 activation via CaMKII, which contributes to hypoxia-induced NF-κB activation [42]. The hypoxia-induced activation of ...
... CaMKII activates TAK1 remain unclear, although several studies have supported the importance of the TAK1-NLK axis in the regulation of Wnt signaling [39–41]. Hypoxia also induces TAK1 activation via CaMKII, which contributes to hypoxia-induced NF-κB activation [42]. The hypoxia-induced activation of ...
Surge and destroy: the role of auxin in plant embryogenesis
... carriers and auxin efflux carriers. The auxin expelled from one cell is taken up by the next cell in line, which expels it from its opposite end, and so forth. Extracellular auxin is thought to be transported across the membrane and into the cell by the AUX1 protein, a member of the auxin amino acid ...
... carriers and auxin efflux carriers. The auxin expelled from one cell is taken up by the next cell in line, which expels it from its opposite end, and so forth. Extracellular auxin is thought to be transported across the membrane and into the cell by the AUX1 protein, a member of the auxin amino acid ...
Aprotinin Preserves Cellular Junctions and Reduces
... Key Words: cardioplegia 䡲 cardiopulmonary bypass 䡲 cell adhesion molecules 䡲 edema 䡲 endothelium 䡲 ischemia 䡲 signal transduction ...
... Key Words: cardioplegia 䡲 cardiopulmonary bypass 䡲 cell adhesion molecules 䡲 edema 䡲 endothelium 䡲 ischemia 䡲 signal transduction ...
Regulation of reactive oxygen species homeostasis
... concentrations of exogenous CK promote stomatal closure. We then chose the t-Z concentration of 1 µM for further stomatal assay. In a time course experiment, significant stomatal closure was observed as early as 30 min after t-Z treatment and stomatal aperture continued to decrease up to 2 h after t ...
... concentrations of exogenous CK promote stomatal closure. We then chose the t-Z concentration of 1 µM for further stomatal assay. In a time course experiment, significant stomatal closure was observed as early as 30 min after t-Z treatment and stomatal aperture continued to decrease up to 2 h after t ...
Skeletal Muscle Nucleo-Mitochondrial Crosstalk in Obesity and Type
... mitochondrial DNA levels were restored to normal [69,70]. Isogenic nuclear cybrid cells containing either T2D susceptible or T2D resistant mitochondrial DNA haplogroups showed that the cybrid cells containing susceptible mitochondrial DNA have lower levels of oxidative phosphorylation gene expressio ...
... mitochondrial DNA levels were restored to normal [69,70]. Isogenic nuclear cybrid cells containing either T2D susceptible or T2D resistant mitochondrial DNA haplogroups showed that the cybrid cells containing susceptible mitochondrial DNA have lower levels of oxidative phosphorylation gene expressio ...
The Small RNA Chaperone Hfq and Multiple Small RNAs Control
... Cosmid pBNL2014 mutated w/ Tn5lacZ to find lux repression region Region cloned and sequenced Found to contain gene hfq ...
... Cosmid pBNL2014 mutated w/ Tn5lacZ to find lux repression region Region cloned and sequenced Found to contain gene hfq ...
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... RNAi clones were grown for 16 hours in LB media with 50 mg/ml ampicillin. Bacterial cultures were seeded onto agar plates containing 1 mM isopropyl b-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) (Sigma) and 50 mg/ml carbenicillin and allowed to dry for 24 to 48 hours at room temperature. Three L4 larval stage h ...
... RNAi clones were grown for 16 hours in LB media with 50 mg/ml ampicillin. Bacterial cultures were seeded onto agar plates containing 1 mM isopropyl b-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) (Sigma) and 50 mg/ml carbenicillin and allowed to dry for 24 to 48 hours at room temperature. Three L4 larval stage h ...
Interaction of PIN and PGP transport mechanisms in auxin
... seedlings, weak uniform GUS staining along the hypocotyl axis was seen in non-induced controls. This pattern changed after induction of PIN1 expression, and DR5 signal became stronger, with random maxima along the hypocotyl (Fig. 2L,M) reflecting differential cell elongation and hypocotyl twisting. ...
... seedlings, weak uniform GUS staining along the hypocotyl axis was seen in non-induced controls. This pattern changed after induction of PIN1 expression, and DR5 signal became stronger, with random maxima along the hypocotyl (Fig. 2L,M) reflecting differential cell elongation and hypocotyl twisting. ...
Deep Insight Section Mechanisms and regulation of autophagy in mammalian cells
... amino acids, growth factors and energy, the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) represses autophagy by inhibiting the kinase activity of ULK1. In contrast, in the absence of amino acids and growth factors, or in response to an increase in the AMP/ATP ratio (via activation of AMPK), mTORC1 is inhibited and autop ...
... amino acids, growth factors and energy, the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) represses autophagy by inhibiting the kinase activity of ULK1. In contrast, in the absence of amino acids and growth factors, or in response to an increase in the AMP/ATP ratio (via activation of AMPK), mTORC1 is inhibited and autop ...
The Aspergillus fumigatus cspA Gene Encoding a Repeat
... We identified four genes encoding putative A. fumigatus GPI-anchored CWPs (AFUA_3G08990 [termed cspA for cellsurface protein A [4], AFUA_2G05150 [MP-2], AFUA_4G09600, and AFUA_6G14090) containing variable numbers of repeats among patient isolates (27). In A. fumigatus WT strain AF 293, cspA encodes ...
... We identified four genes encoding putative A. fumigatus GPI-anchored CWPs (AFUA_3G08990 [termed cspA for cellsurface protein A [4], AFUA_2G05150 [MP-2], AFUA_4G09600, and AFUA_6G14090) containing variable numbers of repeats among patient isolates (27). In A. fumigatus WT strain AF 293, cspA encodes ...