File - Wk 1-2
... promoter. Promoter – the sum of DNA sequences necessary for transcription initiation. They’re located just upstream from the site where a transcription/mRNA synthesis begins. The promoter also decides which DNA strand becomes the template. 2. Transcription factor also acts on RNA polymerase which is ...
... promoter. Promoter – the sum of DNA sequences necessary for transcription initiation. They’re located just upstream from the site where a transcription/mRNA synthesis begins. The promoter also decides which DNA strand becomes the template. 2. Transcription factor also acts on RNA polymerase which is ...
Biology for Bioinformatics
... In prokaryotes, transcription and translation are essentially simultaneous: translation of the messenger RNA starts before transcription is completed. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus (where the DNA is), and translation occurs in the cytoplasm. This de-coupling of transcription and ...
... In prokaryotes, transcription and translation are essentially simultaneous: translation of the messenger RNA starts before transcription is completed. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus (where the DNA is), and translation occurs in the cytoplasm. This de-coupling of transcription and ...
BiochemReview
... • Breaking Val 98 – Tyr 145 bond has two effects: – 1) An H-bond between His 146 – Asp 94 is broken. – 2) An H-bond between His 146 and a Lysine on the alpha chain is broken. ...
... • Breaking Val 98 – Tyr 145 bond has two effects: – 1) An H-bond between His 146 – Asp 94 is broken. – 2) An H-bond between His 146 and a Lysine on the alpha chain is broken. ...
Topic 3 The Chemistry of Life
... o DNA polymerase III adds nucleotides in the 5' → 3' direction. o DNA polymerase I excises the RNA primers and replaces them with DNA. ...
... o DNA polymerase III adds nucleotides in the 5' → 3' direction. o DNA polymerase I excises the RNA primers and replaces them with DNA. ...
Exons and Introns
... 1.DNA In eukaryotes, the genome is divided into : •Non-coding areas... between genes. •Genes : Each gene is divided into several exons, separated by non coding sequences, •Introns (not coding) •Exons (coding) •Promoters, and regulation sequences. 2.RNA polymerases RNA polymerases are enzymes that wi ...
... 1.DNA In eukaryotes, the genome is divided into : •Non-coding areas... between genes. •Genes : Each gene is divided into several exons, separated by non coding sequences, •Introns (not coding) •Exons (coding) •Promoters, and regulation sequences. 2.RNA polymerases RNA polymerases are enzymes that wi ...
Prokaryotic Gene Regulation (PowerPoint) Gulf Coast 2012
... 2. Once ONE mRNA is produced, does it just stop? 3. Can only one repressor block all the RNA polymerases? 4. How many places does RNA polymerase bind? 5. Why does this gene need to be regulated? 6. Where does lactose comes from and where does it go? 7. How many lac operons are in a single E. coli ce ...
... 2. Once ONE mRNA is produced, does it just stop? 3. Can only one repressor block all the RNA polymerases? 4. How many places does RNA polymerase bind? 5. Why does this gene need to be regulated? 6. Where does lactose comes from and where does it go? 7. How many lac operons are in a single E. coli ce ...
1. Name the two major divisions of metabolism, and
... Define the term enzyme and discuss the general characteristics of an enzyme. Be sure to discuss the mechanism by which most enzymes function (i.e. how do they react with their substrate and cofactor/coenzyme), and explain how most enzymes are named, giving examples when applicable. An enzyme is a bi ...
... Define the term enzyme and discuss the general characteristics of an enzyme. Be sure to discuss the mechanism by which most enzymes function (i.e. how do they react with their substrate and cofactor/coenzyme), and explain how most enzymes are named, giving examples when applicable. An enzyme is a bi ...
Agilent TapeStation 2200 FAQ
... At this time there has been little information to determine the benefits of using one system over the other. Both systems provide accurate, reliable information on your sample quality. However, recent study has revealed differences between the two technologies in their capabilities to determine appr ...
... At this time there has been little information to determine the benefits of using one system over the other. Both systems provide accurate, reliable information on your sample quality. However, recent study has revealed differences between the two technologies in their capabilities to determine appr ...
as with reporter genes
... FOLLOWING GENE EXPRESSION – Pax6 AS AN EXAMPLE What is pax6? Pax6 encodes a transcription factor required for normal eye, nervous and pancreatic development. It binds to enhancer elements of Pax6regulated genes such as lens crystallin and those genes specifying a and b cells in the pancreas ...
... FOLLOWING GENE EXPRESSION – Pax6 AS AN EXAMPLE What is pax6? Pax6 encodes a transcription factor required for normal eye, nervous and pancreatic development. It binds to enhancer elements of Pax6regulated genes such as lens crystallin and those genes specifying a and b cells in the pancreas ...
DNA Review (study guide)
... 3. Base pairing rule states that the DNA of any species contains equal amounts of __________________ & ____________ and also equal amounts of __________________ & ____________________ 4. Wilkins and Franklin studied the structure of DNA using _________________________. 5. In DNA, thymine is compleme ...
... 3. Base pairing rule states that the DNA of any species contains equal amounts of __________________ & ____________ and also equal amounts of __________________ & ____________________ 4. Wilkins and Franklin studied the structure of DNA using _________________________. 5. In DNA, thymine is compleme ...
Characterization of the Distal Polyadenylation Site of the ß
... Adducins are membrane skeletal proteins encoded in mammalian genomes by three closely related genes: a-, ß-, and c-adducins (Add1, Add2 and Add3, respectively). Adducins are present in the membrane skeleton of cells as homo- and heterodimers where they cap the fast growing end of actin filaments [19 ...
... Adducins are membrane skeletal proteins encoded in mammalian genomes by three closely related genes: a-, ß-, and c-adducins (Add1, Add2 and Add3, respectively). Adducins are present in the membrane skeleton of cells as homo- and heterodimers where they cap the fast growing end of actin filaments [19 ...
kg3_9
... – For gaps 6 base or less on both mRNA and genome, just ignore gap, filling in with genome if necessary. – Try to turn other gaps into introns if they are not already by wiggling one base on either side of gap. – Break up alignments at remaining gaps that are not intronic. Intronic gaps are at least ...
... – For gaps 6 base or less on both mRNA and genome, just ignore gap, filling in with genome if necessary. – Try to turn other gaps into introns if they are not already by wiggling one base on either side of gap. – Break up alignments at remaining gaps that are not intronic. Intronic gaps are at least ...
Ch 17 Protein Synthesis
... 1. small ribosomal subunit binds to mRNA upstream from the start codon 2. ribosome scans mRNA until it put start codon (AUG) at the P-site 3. tRNA with Met hydrogen bonds to start codon 4. large subunit attaches ...
... 1. small ribosomal subunit binds to mRNA upstream from the start codon 2. ribosome scans mRNA until it put start codon (AUG) at the P-site 3. tRNA with Met hydrogen bonds to start codon 4. large subunit attaches ...
Promega Notes: T4 RNA Ligase: A Molecular Tool for RNA and DNA
... molecule contains a 3´-hydroxyl group (OH). Circularization of RNA molecules is also possible. Like many of the bacteriophage T4encoded enzymes, the function of T4 RNA ligase in the life cycle of the bacteriophage is speculative. RNA ligase was discovered by Hurwitz and colleagues at the Albert Eins ...
... molecule contains a 3´-hydroxyl group (OH). Circularization of RNA molecules is also possible. Like many of the bacteriophage T4encoded enzymes, the function of T4 RNA ligase in the life cycle of the bacteriophage is speculative. RNA ligase was discovered by Hurwitz and colleagues at the Albert Eins ...
Genes and RNA
... transcript, is processed in several ways before its transport to the cytosol. These processing steps are all performed by specific proteins that bind to the RNA. Until it reaches its final, mature form, the primary transcript is sometimes called pre-mRNA. First, during transcription, a cap consistin ...
... transcript, is processed in several ways before its transport to the cytosol. These processing steps are all performed by specific proteins that bind to the RNA. Until it reaches its final, mature form, the primary transcript is sometimes called pre-mRNA. First, during transcription, a cap consistin ...
Document
... Pre-mRNA is processed to remove noncoding segments introns come out! exons = coding segments introns = non-coding segments ...
... Pre-mRNA is processed to remove noncoding segments introns come out! exons = coding segments introns = non-coding segments ...
A1985ASW1100001
... In 1954 I became one of a group led by Paul Zamecnik at the Massachusetts General Hospital studying protein synthesis. I had just completed a postdoctoral year with Fritz Lipmann in an adjoining lab, Inspired by Lipmann’s insights into acyl activation mechanisms and exploiting the Zamecnik group’s i ...
... In 1954 I became one of a group led by Paul Zamecnik at the Massachusetts General Hospital studying protein synthesis. I had just completed a postdoctoral year with Fritz Lipmann in an adjoining lab, Inspired by Lipmann’s insights into acyl activation mechanisms and exploiting the Zamecnik group’s i ...
Why don’t antibodies get rid of HIV?
... • DNA replication ensures that genetic information is passed on unchanged from a cell to its descendents. • The major thing cells do with genetic information is use it to encode PROTEINS. • Every cell contains all of an organism’s genes, so each cell could (in theory) make every protein. But which p ...
... • DNA replication ensures that genetic information is passed on unchanged from a cell to its descendents. • The major thing cells do with genetic information is use it to encode PROTEINS. • Every cell contains all of an organism’s genes, so each cell could (in theory) make every protein. But which p ...
1) Which residues prefer helix, strand, turn:
... mutagenesis and by evolution, and thus the most conserved of all residues. Met: Start codon, and thus often positively charged on its backbone N because of which it is found at the protein surface than its hydrophobicity does suggest. His: Good at binding and releasing protons; titrates at around th ...
... mutagenesis and by evolution, and thus the most conserved of all residues. Met: Start codon, and thus often positively charged on its backbone N because of which it is found at the protein surface than its hydrophobicity does suggest. His: Good at binding and releasing protons; titrates at around th ...
Eukaryotic Gene Regulation
... • After translation, various types of protein processing, including cleavage and chemical modification, are subject to control • The length of time each protein functions in a cell is regulated by means of selective degradation • To mark a particular protein for destruction, the cell commonly attach ...
... • After translation, various types of protein processing, including cleavage and chemical modification, are subject to control • The length of time each protein functions in a cell is regulated by means of selective degradation • To mark a particular protein for destruction, the cell commonly attach ...
DNA Replication
... DNA BIG Picture • Chromosomes are made of DNA. • DNA has your genes on it. • DNA has the instructions for making all proteins for the organism. • DNA is unique to each individual. • DNA determines how an organism looks and ...
... DNA BIG Picture • Chromosomes are made of DNA. • DNA has your genes on it. • DNA has the instructions for making all proteins for the organism. • DNA is unique to each individual. • DNA determines how an organism looks and ...
Protein Synthesis
... Mutate wild type fungus *Supply all mutant isolates with complete media *Grow purified mutants with minimal media to find nutritional mutants *Determine what is the nutritional limitation find mutation ...
... Mutate wild type fungus *Supply all mutant isolates with complete media *Grow purified mutants with minimal media to find nutritional mutants *Determine what is the nutritional limitation find mutation ...
RNA
... • Genetic messages can be decoded by copying part of the nucleotide sequence from DNA into RNA. • RNA contains coded information for making proteins. ...
... • Genetic messages can be decoded by copying part of the nucleotide sequence from DNA into RNA. • RNA contains coded information for making proteins. ...
AP Protein Sythesis
... build ribosome subunits from rRNA & proteins exit through nuclear pores to cytoplasm & combine to form functional ribosomes ...
... build ribosome subunits from rRNA & proteins exit through nuclear pores to cytoplasm & combine to form functional ribosomes ...
Do Now: Wednesday, March 19
... for the protein that is needed is unwound Step 2: RNA polymerase (enzyme) uses the DNA to make a complementary strand of mRNA ...
... for the protein that is needed is unwound Step 2: RNA polymerase (enzyme) uses the DNA to make a complementary strand of mRNA ...
Polyadenylation
Polyadenylation is the addition of a poly(A) tail to a messenger RNA The poly(A) tail consists of multiple adenosine monophosphates; in other words, it is a stretch of RNA that has only adenine bases. In eukaryotes, polyadenylation is part of the process that produces mature messenger RNA (mRNA) for translation. It, therefore, forms part of the larger process of gene expression.The process of polyadenylation begins as the transcription of a gene finishes, or terminates. The 3'-most segment of the newly made pre-mRNA is first cleaved off by a set of proteins; these proteins then synthesize the poly(A) tail at the RNA's 3' end. In some genes, these proteins may add a poly(A) tail at any one of several possible sites. Therefore, polyadenylation can produce more than one transcript from a single gene (alternative polyadenylation), similar to alternative splicing.The poly(A) tail is important for the nuclear export, translation, and stability of mRNA. The tail is shortened over time, and, when it is short enough, the mRNA is enzymatically degraded. However, in a few cell types, mRNAs with short poly(A) tails are stored for later activation by re-polyadenylation in the cytosol. In contrast, when polyadenylation occurs in bacteria, it promotes RNA degradation. This is also sometimes the case for eukaryotic non-coding RNAs.mRNA molecules in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have polyadenylated 3'-ends, with the prokaryotic poly(A) tails generally shorter and less mRNA molecules polyadenylated.