A Biology Primer for Computer Scientists
... a new complementary strand is synthesized. For the synthesis to occur, a specific site (origin) on the original double-stranded sequence is located, beginning at this site the two strands are unfolded, and synthesis of both new complementary strands starts (in more advanced organisms with longer DNA ...
... a new complementary strand is synthesized. For the synthesis to occur, a specific site (origin) on the original double-stranded sequence is located, beginning at this site the two strands are unfolded, and synthesis of both new complementary strands starts (in more advanced organisms with longer DNA ...
Protein Synthesis - Biology Junction
... The Genetic Code • A codon designates an amino acid • An amino acid may have more than one codon • There are 20 amino acids, but 64 possible codons • Some codons tell the ribosome to stop translating copyright cmassengale ...
... The Genetic Code • A codon designates an amino acid • An amino acid may have more than one codon • There are 20 amino acids, but 64 possible codons • Some codons tell the ribosome to stop translating copyright cmassengale ...
Composition of splicing complex in chloroplasts identified
... From gene to protein – craftwork required Genes, the bearers of genetic information, contain coding and non-coding regions. To convert a gene into a protein, enzymes first create a copy of the gene, the messenger RNA. A useful blueprint for a protein is only obtained, however, when enzymes cut the n ...
... From gene to protein – craftwork required Genes, the bearers of genetic information, contain coding and non-coding regions. To convert a gene into a protein, enzymes first create a copy of the gene, the messenger RNA. A useful blueprint for a protein is only obtained, however, when enzymes cut the n ...
The Cleavage and Polyadenylation Specificity Factor in Xenopus
... The 160-kDa subunit interacts with the AAUAAA sequence and nuclear PAP (19, 22, 29, 30). This interaction brings PAP, which has little or no intrinsic specificity for RNA (43, 46), to the substrate mRNA. The 30-kDa subunit of CPSF may also bind to the AAUAAA sequence (18). In addition, the 30-kDa su ...
... The 160-kDa subunit interacts with the AAUAAA sequence and nuclear PAP (19, 22, 29, 30). This interaction brings PAP, which has little or no intrinsic specificity for RNA (43, 46), to the substrate mRNA. The 30-kDa subunit of CPSF may also bind to the AAUAAA sequence (18). In addition, the 30-kDa su ...
homework 3 assigned
... Homework 3, due Friday, May 12 (10 points) Given the following table of the amino acid associated with each triple of nucleotides, construct a map that has triples of nucleotides as keys and amino acids as values. Append a main function that converts a string of nucleotides into a vector of the corr ...
... Homework 3, due Friday, May 12 (10 points) Given the following table of the amino acid associated with each triple of nucleotides, construct a map that has triples of nucleotides as keys and amino acids as values. Append a main function that converts a string of nucleotides into a vector of the corr ...
Flow of information
... A small ribosome subunit loaded with an initiator tRNA (one that can start the process) recognises an mRNA strand as it leaves the nucleus and travels to the cytoplasm. The ribosome subunit bonds to the methylated cap on the mRNA and moves along it ‘scanning’ for a n AUG start - once found, a large ...
... A small ribosome subunit loaded with an initiator tRNA (one that can start the process) recognises an mRNA strand as it leaves the nucleus and travels to the cytoplasm. The ribosome subunit bonds to the methylated cap on the mRNA and moves along it ‘scanning’ for a n AUG start - once found, a large ...
Methods to analyze RNA expression - RNA
... Each sample (tissue, time point, etc..) is used to prepare RNA. Each RNA then is converted into a library of cDNA fragments. The libraries from several different samples will be sequenced together, so each library has to receive an individual tag (AKA index). ...
... Each sample (tissue, time point, etc..) is used to prepare RNA. Each RNA then is converted into a library of cDNA fragments. The libraries from several different samples will be sequenced together, so each library has to receive an individual tag (AKA index). ...
aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases
... • stop codons (UAA, UAG, or UGA) of mRNA • RF-1 (Release factor-1) which binds to UAA and UAG or RF-2 (Release factor-2) which binds to UAA and UGA • RF-3 which does not bind to any termination codon, but facilitates the binding of RF-1 and RF-2 • GTP which is bound to RF-3 ...
... • stop codons (UAA, UAG, or UGA) of mRNA • RF-1 (Release factor-1) which binds to UAA and UAG or RF-2 (Release factor-2) which binds to UAA and UGA • RF-3 which does not bind to any termination codon, but facilitates the binding of RF-1 and RF-2 • GTP which is bound to RF-3 ...
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... 20.12 Promoters for RNA polymerase II have short sequence elements 20.13 Some promoter-binding proteins are repressors 20.14 Enhancers contain bidirectional elements that assist initiation 20.15 Independent domains bind DNA and activate transcription 20.16 The two hybrid assay detects protein-protei ...
... 20.12 Promoters for RNA polymerase II have short sequence elements 20.13 Some promoter-binding proteins are repressors 20.14 Enhancers contain bidirectional elements that assist initiation 20.15 Independent domains bind DNA and activate transcription 20.16 The two hybrid assay detects protein-protei ...
Protein synthesis - World of Teaching
... A tRNA bonds complementarily with the mRNA via its anticodon. A second tRNA bonds with the next three bases of the mRNA, the amino acid joins onto the amino acid of the first tRNA via a peptide bond. The ribosome moves along. The first tRNA leaves the ribosome. A third tRNA brings a third amino acid ...
... A tRNA bonds complementarily with the mRNA via its anticodon. A second tRNA bonds with the next three bases of the mRNA, the amino acid joins onto the amino acid of the first tRNA via a peptide bond. The ribosome moves along. The first tRNA leaves the ribosome. A third tRNA brings a third amino acid ...
traduccion_1
... A tRNA bonds complementarily with the mRNA via its anticodon. A second tRNA bonds with the next three bases of the mRNA, the amino acid joins onto the amino acid of the first tRNA via a peptide bond. The ribosome moves along. The first tRNA leaves the ribosome. A third tRNA brings a third amino acid ...
... A tRNA bonds complementarily with the mRNA via its anticodon. A second tRNA bonds with the next three bases of the mRNA, the amino acid joins onto the amino acid of the first tRNA via a peptide bond. The ribosome moves along. The first tRNA leaves the ribosome. A third tRNA brings a third amino acid ...
protein_synthesis
... A tRNA bonds complementarily with the mRNA via its anticodon. A second tRNA bonds with the next three bases of the mRNA, the amino acid joins onto the amino acid of the first tRNA via a peptide bond. The ribosome moves along. The first tRNA leaves the ribosome. A third tRNA brings a third amino acid ...
... A tRNA bonds complementarily with the mRNA via its anticodon. A second tRNA bonds with the next three bases of the mRNA, the amino acid joins onto the amino acid of the first tRNA via a peptide bond. The ribosome moves along. The first tRNA leaves the ribosome. A third tRNA brings a third amino acid ...
Alkaline Phosphatase
... Storage Buffer: 20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.0 at 22oC), 5 mM potassium phosphate, 100 mM KCl, 0.1 mM MgCl2, 0.1 mM ZnCl2 and ...
... Storage Buffer: 20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.0 at 22oC), 5 mM potassium phosphate, 100 mM KCl, 0.1 mM MgCl2, 0.1 mM ZnCl2 and ...
An in vitro RNA synthesis reaction was set up and allowed to
... On a third sheet of paper, draw a diagram of a RNA molecule that is 6 nucleotides long. To simplify your diagram, use a yellow circle around the letter "P" to represent each phosphate group, use a red pentagon around the letter "R" to represent ribose, use a single gray ring to represent pyrimidine ...
... On a third sheet of paper, draw a diagram of a RNA molecule that is 6 nucleotides long. To simplify your diagram, use a yellow circle around the letter "P" to represent each phosphate group, use a red pentagon around the letter "R" to represent ribose, use a single gray ring to represent pyrimidine ...
Section 7: How Are Proteins Made? (Translation)
... Uncovering the code • Scientists conjectured that proteins came from DNA; but how did DNA code for proteins? • If one nucleotide codes for one amino acid, then there’d be 41 amino acids • However, there are 20 amino acids, so at least 3 bases codes for one amino acid, since 42 = 16 and 43 = 64 • Th ...
... Uncovering the code • Scientists conjectured that proteins came from DNA; but how did DNA code for proteins? • If one nucleotide codes for one amino acid, then there’d be 41 amino acids • However, there are 20 amino acids, so at least 3 bases codes for one amino acid, since 42 = 16 and 43 = 64 • Th ...
IN VITRO TRANSCRIPTION . TRANSLATION - UTH e
... All are prepared as crude extracts containing all the macromolecular components (70S or 80S ribosomes, tRNAs, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, initiation, elongation and termination factors, etc.) required for translation of exogenous RNA. To ensure efficient translation, each extract must be supplemente ...
... All are prepared as crude extracts containing all the macromolecular components (70S or 80S ribosomes, tRNAs, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, initiation, elongation and termination factors, etc.) required for translation of exogenous RNA. To ensure efficient translation, each extract must be supplemente ...
Chapter 12
... Eukaryotic RNA is processed before leaving the nucleus as mRNA Messenger RNA (mRNA) – encodes amino acid sequences and – conveys genetic messages from DNA to the translation machinery of the cell, which in – prokaryotes, occurs in the same place that mRNA is made, but in – eukaryotes, mRNA must ex ...
... Eukaryotic RNA is processed before leaving the nucleus as mRNA Messenger RNA (mRNA) – encodes amino acid sequences and – conveys genetic messages from DNA to the translation machinery of the cell, which in – prokaryotes, occurs in the same place that mRNA is made, but in – eukaryotes, mRNA must ex ...
Protein Synthesis
... • A special exception to the usual flow of genetic information is found in RNA viruses which use RNA as the long-term storage of information. • One group of RNA viruses, the retroviruses, enter the host cell and make a DNA copy of their RNA genes. • Viruses pose a serious threat to cellular life. • ...
... • A special exception to the usual flow of genetic information is found in RNA viruses which use RNA as the long-term storage of information. • One group of RNA viruses, the retroviruses, enter the host cell and make a DNA copy of their RNA genes. • Viruses pose a serious threat to cellular life. • ...
DNA - Wiley
... An intron (intervening sequence) is a segment of DNA which is transcribed into mRNA but not actually used when a protein is expressed An exon (expressed sequence) in the part of the DNA gene which is expressed Each gene usually contains a number of introns and exons ...
... An intron (intervening sequence) is a segment of DNA which is transcribed into mRNA but not actually used when a protein is expressed An exon (expressed sequence) in the part of the DNA gene which is expressed Each gene usually contains a number of introns and exons ...
Polyadenylation
Polyadenylation is the addition of a poly(A) tail to a messenger RNA The poly(A) tail consists of multiple adenosine monophosphates; in other words, it is a stretch of RNA that has only adenine bases. In eukaryotes, polyadenylation is part of the process that produces mature messenger RNA (mRNA) for translation. It, therefore, forms part of the larger process of gene expression.The process of polyadenylation begins as the transcription of a gene finishes, or terminates. The 3'-most segment of the newly made pre-mRNA is first cleaved off by a set of proteins; these proteins then synthesize the poly(A) tail at the RNA's 3' end. In some genes, these proteins may add a poly(A) tail at any one of several possible sites. Therefore, polyadenylation can produce more than one transcript from a single gene (alternative polyadenylation), similar to alternative splicing.The poly(A) tail is important for the nuclear export, translation, and stability of mRNA. The tail is shortened over time, and, when it is short enough, the mRNA is enzymatically degraded. However, in a few cell types, mRNAs with short poly(A) tails are stored for later activation by re-polyadenylation in the cytosol. In contrast, when polyadenylation occurs in bacteria, it promotes RNA degradation. This is also sometimes the case for eukaryotic non-coding RNAs.mRNA molecules in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have polyadenylated 3'-ends, with the prokaryotic poly(A) tails generally shorter and less mRNA molecules polyadenylated.