Tolerance
... self antigens are eliminated to prevent immune reactions against one’s own tissues. • As we shall see later in this chapter, self tolerance is maintained by several different mechanisms that prevent the maturation and activation of potentially harmful self-reactive lymphocytes. • Tolerance results f ...
... self antigens are eliminated to prevent immune reactions against one’s own tissues. • As we shall see later in this chapter, self tolerance is maintained by several different mechanisms that prevent the maturation and activation of potentially harmful self-reactive lymphocytes. • Tolerance results f ...
The Body’s Defenses - Falmouth Schools in Falmouth Maine
... • Bacterial infection occurs, B cells that bind to bacterial antigens will replicate - produce 2 types of B cells: plasma cells and memory cells. ...
... • Bacterial infection occurs, B cells that bind to bacterial antigens will replicate - produce 2 types of B cells: plasma cells and memory cells. ...
Tcells
... o innate immunity – non-specific phagocytosis and inflammation o acquired immunity – antigen-specific B and T lymphocyte responses two major types of immune responses o humoral immunity – proteins dissolved in blood and lymph (eg. antibodies, complement) bind to extracellular pathogens and toxins ...
... o innate immunity – non-specific phagocytosis and inflammation o acquired immunity – antigen-specific B and T lymphocyte responses two major types of immune responses o humoral immunity – proteins dissolved in blood and lymph (eg. antibodies, complement) bind to extracellular pathogens and toxins ...
Lymphatic Extras
... 2. Active immunity refers to the production of one's own antibodies or lymphocytes against an antigen. This can be induced by natural exposure or artificially induced by vaccination, and generally lasts a long time. E. Lymphocytes (p. 773) 1. The major cells of the immune system are lymphocytes and ...
... 2. Active immunity refers to the production of one's own antibodies or lymphocytes against an antigen. This can be induced by natural exposure or artificially induced by vaccination, and generally lasts a long time. E. Lymphocytes (p. 773) 1. The major cells of the immune system are lymphocytes and ...
Non-specific defenses
... Memory – after initial exposure, long term acquired immunity occurs through the production of memory cells; secondary exposure results in stronger faster response to previously recognized Ag Tolerance – immune cells recognize self-antigens & “tolerate” (ignore) them, only going after foreign (no ...
... Memory – after initial exposure, long term acquired immunity occurs through the production of memory cells; secondary exposure results in stronger faster response to previously recognized Ag Tolerance – immune cells recognize self-antigens & “tolerate” (ignore) them, only going after foreign (no ...
Lymphatic System
... the formation of specific antibodies The antigenic determinant, a portion of the antigen, reacts with an antibody to form an antigen-antibody complex The formation of the antigen-antibody complex ultimately leads to inactivation and removal of the antigen ...
... the formation of specific antibodies The antigenic determinant, a portion of the antigen, reacts with an antibody to form an antigen-antibody complex The formation of the antigen-antibody complex ultimately leads to inactivation and removal of the antigen ...
Something that makes us sick, causes disease
... Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
Immune System
... cytotoxic T cells (aka CD8 cells) - seek out the specific pathogen/infected cell that contains the targeted Ag & destroys it by secreting various chemicals helper T cells (aka CD4 cells) – necessary for coordination of specific (adaptive) & non-specific (innate) defenses, as well as for stimulat ...
... cytotoxic T cells (aka CD8 cells) - seek out the specific pathogen/infected cell that contains the targeted Ag & destroys it by secreting various chemicals helper T cells (aka CD4 cells) – necessary for coordination of specific (adaptive) & non-specific (innate) defenses, as well as for stimulat ...
Are you ready for SK320?
... (d) Lymphocytes and macrophages are both types of white cell (leukocyte) found in higher vertebrates and involved in the defence against infection. Lymphocytes are the principal cell type involved in adaptive immunity, and include B cells, which synthesise antibodies, helper T cells, which stimulate ...
... (d) Lymphocytes and macrophages are both types of white cell (leukocyte) found in higher vertebrates and involved in the defence against infection. Lymphocytes are the principal cell type involved in adaptive immunity, and include B cells, which synthesise antibodies, helper T cells, which stimulate ...
26.1 Organs, Tissues, and Cells of the Immune System (cont.)
... • The complement system consists of a variety of blood plasma proteins. • When activated by the presence of pathogens, these proteins amplify the immune response. • Complement proteins also form a membrane attack complex that contributes to the lysis of pathogens. ...
... • The complement system consists of a variety of blood plasma proteins. • When activated by the presence of pathogens, these proteins amplify the immune response. • Complement proteins also form a membrane attack complex that contributes to the lysis of pathogens. ...
Antibody Function Antigen-Antibody Interactions The interactions
... o Histamine is the most important of these inflammatory substances Mast cells have Fcε receptors that bind to IgE, which initiates the binding of IgE to antigen. Antigen-binding then causes degranulation Recruitment of eosinophils to the site of infection is important Important in the protecti ...
... o Histamine is the most important of these inflammatory substances Mast cells have Fcε receptors that bind to IgE, which initiates the binding of IgE to antigen. Antigen-binding then causes degranulation Recruitment of eosinophils to the site of infection is important Important in the protecti ...
07 Cytokines
... • Granulocyte-macrophage CSF (GM-CSF) promotes growth and differentiation of bone marrow progenitors • Macrophage CSF (M-CSF) is involved in development and function of monocytes and macrophages • Granulocyte CSF (G-CSF) stimulates production of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) ...
... • Granulocyte-macrophage CSF (GM-CSF) promotes growth and differentiation of bone marrow progenitors • Macrophage CSF (M-CSF) is involved in development and function of monocytes and macrophages • Granulocyte CSF (G-CSF) stimulates production of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) ...
Alma Zernecke - Rudolf-Virchow
... inducing CXCL12 expression. This is mediated by microRNA-126, enriched in apoptotic bodies, repressing the negative regulator of G-protein signaling, RGS16, and unlocking CXCR4 to trigger an auto-regulatory feedback loop that increases production of CXCL12. Transfer of apoptotic bodies, microRNA-126 ...
... inducing CXCL12 expression. This is mediated by microRNA-126, enriched in apoptotic bodies, repressing the negative regulator of G-protein signaling, RGS16, and unlocking CXCR4 to trigger an auto-regulatory feedback loop that increases production of CXCL12. Transfer of apoptotic bodies, microRNA-126 ...
Skin As An Immune Organ
... • Skin compartments are sites of residence of several leukocyte subpopulations (dendritic cells and T cells for example) • Hair follicles have unanticipated immune regulatory functions and possible relevance to disease pathogenesis • Commensal microbes regulate skin immune cell number and function ...
... • Skin compartments are sites of residence of several leukocyte subpopulations (dendritic cells and T cells for example) • Hair follicles have unanticipated immune regulatory functions and possible relevance to disease pathogenesis • Commensal microbes regulate skin immune cell number and function ...
Types of Cells Panayiotoufinal
... tissues. Monocytes and macrophages are phagocytes. Macrophages function in both non-specific defense (innate immunity) as well as help initiate specific defense mechanisms (adaptive immunity) of vertebrate animals. Their role is to phagocytose, or engulf and then digest, cellular debris and pathogen ...
... tissues. Monocytes and macrophages are phagocytes. Macrophages function in both non-specific defense (innate immunity) as well as help initiate specific defense mechanisms (adaptive immunity) of vertebrate animals. Their role is to phagocytose, or engulf and then digest, cellular debris and pathogen ...
Innate Immunity PowerPoint
... d) Interleukins (ILs) – produced by leukocytes with at least 18 different types i) function in innate immunity, inflammation, and adaptive immunity e) Tumor Necrosis Factors (TNFs) – kill tumor cells, initiate inflammatory responses, and programmed cell death ...
... d) Interleukins (ILs) – produced by leukocytes with at least 18 different types i) function in innate immunity, inflammation, and adaptive immunity e) Tumor Necrosis Factors (TNFs) – kill tumor cells, initiate inflammatory responses, and programmed cell death ...
Sarah immunity ppt
... Inactivate antigens by: ◦ complement fixation - proteins bind to foreign cell and causing it to break apart ◦ neutralization – block harmful effects of toxins released from bacteria or virus ◦ agglutination – antibodies can bind to more than one antigen at a time and they can clump foreign cells tog ...
... Inactivate antigens by: ◦ complement fixation - proteins bind to foreign cell and causing it to break apart ◦ neutralization – block harmful effects of toxins released from bacteria or virus ◦ agglutination – antibodies can bind to more than one antigen at a time and they can clump foreign cells tog ...
Phagocyte
Phagocytes are cells that protect the body by ingesting (phagocytosing) harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells. Their name comes from the Greek phagein, ""to eat"" or ""devour"", and ""-cyte"", the suffix in biology denoting ""cell"", from the Greek kutos, ""hollow vessel"". They are essential for fighting infections and for subsequent immunity. Phagocytes are important throughout the animal kingdom and are highly developed within vertebrates. One litre of human blood contains about six billion phagocytes. They were first discovered in 1882 by Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov while he was studying starfish larvae. Mechnikov was awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery. Phagocytes occur in many species; some amoebae behave like macrophage phagocytes, which suggests that phagocytes appeared early in the evolution of life.Phagocytes of humans and other animals are called ""professional"" or ""non-professional"" depending on how effective they are at phagocytosis. The professional phagocytes include many types of white blood cells (such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, and dendritic cells). The main difference between professional and non-professional phagocytes is that the professional phagocytes have molecules called receptors on their surfaces that can detect harmful objects, such as bacteria, that are not normally found in the body. Phagocytes are crucial in fighting infections, as well as in maintaining healthy tissues by removing dead and dying cells that have reached the end of their lifespan.During an infection, chemical signals attract phagocytes to places where the pathogen has invaded the body. These chemicals may come from bacteria or from other phagocytes already present. The phagocytes move by a method called chemotaxis. When phagocytes come into contact with bacteria, the receptors on the phagocyte's surface will bind to them. This binding will lead to the engulfing of the bacteria by the phagocyte. Some phagocytes kill the ingested pathogen with oxidants and nitric oxide. After phagocytosis, macrophages and dendritic cells can also participate in antigen presentation, a process in which a phagocyte moves parts of the ingested material back to its surface. This material is then displayed to other cells of the immune system. Some phagocytes then travel to the body's lymph nodes and display the material to white blood cells called lymphocytes. This process is important in building immunity, and many pathogens have evolved methods to evade attacks by phagocytes.